Demo Collection

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    Analysis of the Uganda national policy on orphans and vulnerable children (NOP).
    (Makerere University, 2010) Karuhanga, Audrey
    Abstract This study set out to analyze the effectiveness of the National policy on Orphans and Vulnerable Children (NOP) in directing interventions to the beneficiaries. This is one of the policy interventions adopted by the Uganda government to strengthen the legal, policy and institutional framework for child protection, and to ensure that orphans, other vulnerable children (OVC) and their families’ do access basic essential services. The priority intervention areas of this policy focus on care and support, child protection, education, health, food security and nutrition, psychosocial support, socioeconomic security and mitigating the impact of conflict. The study revealed that the policy had been effective in enabling many orphans and vulnerable children and families’ access goods and services. Issues concerning them had become more cross-cutting across many sectors of the economy like education, health and production. Also, investment in this category of people continues to grow annually. There is a more coordinated effort by various government ministries to address matters affecting OVC in unison. It was however noted that implementation of the policy faces a lot of challenges which include; a lack of resources, both human and financial, poor coordination and enforcement, poor service delivery, poor data collection among others. The recommendations included among others the need for all ministries to mainstream child related concerns in planning and budgeting. Government needed to enforce and update all child related polices and laws, and countrywide efforts to increase women’s access to services such as Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT), Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) and ARVs needed to be made. Also, Institutions mandated to deal with child issues need to be facilitated more to enable them carry out their roles effectively.
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    Animal African trypanosomaisis and associated cytokine profiles in naturally infected cattle in Paicho and Lakwana Subcounties, Gulu District
    (Makerere University, 2014) Katiti, Dianah
    Trypanosomes are the causative agents of Animal African Trypanosomiasis (AAT) and Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), the former affecting domestic animals prevalent in the sub Saharan Africa. The main species causing AAT in cattle are T. congolense, T. vivax and T. b. brucei. Northern Uganda has been politically unstable with no form of vector control in place. The return of displaced inhabitants led to restocking of cattle from AAT endemic areas. It was thus paramount to estimate the burden of trypanosomiasis in the region. The current understanding of cytokine profiles during trypanosome natural infections is limited. Most studies on cytokine profiles in trypanosome infections have been carried out on experimental infections using T. congolense. There was a need to investigate cytokine profiles in natural field conditions where animals encounter different species of varying pathogenicity including mixed infections. The major aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of trypanosome infections in cattle and the associated cytokine profiles in Paicho and Lakwana sub counties. In this study, prevalence of trypanosomiasis in cattle was determined using Hematocrit Centrifugation Technique (HCT) that was used to detect trypanosome infections in cattle while Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to identify the infecting species and also confirm the infection status of some apparent negative samples by microscopy. To compare differences in the plasma levels of IFN-g, TNF- , IL-10 and TGF- in infected and non infected cattle sandwich ELISA was then carried out. Out of the 1329 cattle screened, the microscopy prevalence of trypanosomes was 8.1% respectively. The IFN-g and IL-10 were up regulated in infected than non-infected cattle regardless of pathogenicity of infecting species. The results indicated that up regulation of IL-10 and IFN- g cytokine levels is not dependant on pathogenicity of species and whether it was single or mixed infections. It is thus recommended that appropriate control efforts should be put in place to prevent escalation of trypanosomiasis in the area and detailed study on possible use of IL-10 & IFN- g as targets for supportive therapy in favor of the host.
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    Antiretroviral drug prescribing practices in the HIV/AIDS treatment in Kampala and its neighbouring Districts
    (Makerere University, 2011-10) Hindum, Lanyero
    Background: There is an increase in ARV drug use in Uganda with very many different service providers. Much as there are guidelines to ensure standardized service provision, little was known as to whether these providers follow the recommendations of the guidelines when prescribing ARVs. Previous studies in Uganda had shown that prescribers do not follow the national treatment guidelines meant for the management of other common illnesses, it is therefore highly likely that the same situation exists for HIV/AIDS. Method: The study was conducted through a cross-sectional survey of 20 HIV/AIDS treatment centres randomly selected; a retrospective analysis of 30 patients’ records selected by systematic random sampling from each facility was done. Descriptive analysis to obtain frequencies was done using MS excel 2007. Results: Of the 600 patients 548 (91.3%) of them were initiated after doing a baseline CD4 and 52 (8.7%) were initiated based on the WHO clinical staging of HIV/AIDS as recommended by the guidelines. It was also found that 332 (55.3%) patients were initiated on stavudine based combinations, 207 (34.5%) on Zidovudine based combinations, and 58 (9.7%) on tenofovir based combinations. Frequency of switching ARV drug regimen was 165 (27.5%) with 106 (64.2%) of the patients being switched within the first line alternatives, 58 (34.8%) from first line to second line regimens and 1(0.6%) from NVP for PMTCT to AZT/3TC+EFV. 54 (32.7%) were switched due to Adverse drug effects, 42 (25.5%) due to TB/Pregnancy, 41 (25.01%) due to treatment failure and 28 (16.45%) due to stock out. Conclusion: The study concludes that some prescribers do not follow the recommendations of the 2008 national antiretroviral treatment guidelines while prescribing ARVs and recommends that interventions are put in place to ensure appropriate use of these drugs.
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    Application of the integrated approaches in teaching Social Studies in Ibanda PTC and selected primary schools in Ibanda District
    (Makerere University, 2010-11) Bamusiime, Dan
    The study was about application of the integrated approach in Primary Teachers’ Colleges (PTCs) and primary schools by Tutors, Teacher–trainees and primary teachers in Ibanda district. The integrated approach is a key concept in teaching and learning of Social Studies. Failure to apply the integrated approach correctly by Tutors, Teacher-trainees and primary school teachers may result in ineffective teaching and learning of Social Studies in such institutions. This study therefore, intended to bridge this gap. The study was guided by the following research questions: To what extent do Tutors in Ibanda PTC apply the integrated approach when teaching Social Studies? Do Teacher-trainees in Ibanda PTC understand and apply the integrated approach when teaching Social Studies during school practice? To what extent do primary teachers apply the integrated approach when teaching Social Studies? The study was conducted in four sub-counties of Ibanda district and a sample of participants was randomly selected. The researcher used a descriptive cross-sectional survey research design involving both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Data was collected using open and close ended questionnaires which were supplemented by the interviews to support the responses. Results showed that, in most cases, Tutors in PTCs did not apply the integrated approach even though they understood it. Teacher-trainees used and applied the integrated approach during their school practice, but primary teachers did not often apply the integrated approach when teaching Social Studies. In the study, it was recommended that Regular courses, for Tutors, on the techniques of application of the integrated approach in teaching Social Studies be organized at college, regional and national levels. Teacher-trainees in PTCs should be given opportunities to learn Social Studies practically, but not entirely in theory most of the time. Furthermore, in primary schools, teachers of Social Studies should be encouraged to use integrated techniques. Teachers need continuous professional development courses on effective application of the integrated approach so as to teach Social Studies more efficiently
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    Appraisal practices and teacher performance in the secondary schools of Nansana Town Council, Wakiso District.
    (Makerere University, 2010-09) Muwanguzi, Eria
    The study set out to establish the effect of appraisal practices on the performance of teachers in secondary schools of Nansana Town Council, Wakiso District. The specific objectives of the study were to investigate the effect of appraisal practices in secondary schools of Nansana Town Council on (i) the participation of teachers in school activities (ii) Quality of teaching and (iii) the involvement of teachers in school administration. It has been reported by the DEO, Wakiso (2007) that teacher morale and motivation to work in secondary schools in Nansana Town is very low; that many teachers often absent themselves from classes and teachers come late to school; that teachers leave the schools unattended to; and seem not to be satisfied with their work as they do not complete the tasks assigned to them in time. These indicated poor performance by the teachers. Therefore, this prompted the study. The study was a descriptive survey, precisely the cross- sectional survey design in which both qualitative and quantitative approaches of data collection were employed, involving a total of 163 teachers with 43 teachers from government- aided schools and 120 teachers from private owned secondary schools. Primary data were collected using interview guide for head teachers and self administered questionnaires for the teachers. In this study, three hypotheses were tested using the ANOVA technique. From the findings, the study did not establish a significant relationship between appraisal practices used in secondary schools of Nansana Town Council on the participation of teachers in school activities. However, the study established a significant relationship between appraisal practices used in Nansana Town Council on the quality of teaching and the involvement of teachers in school administration. The study concluded that, appraisal practices used in secondary schools of Nansana Town Council do not significantly affect the participation of teachers in school activities. However, the study also concluded that, appraisal practices used in secondary schools in Nansana Town Council significantly affect the quality of teaching and the involvement of teachers in school administration. From the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations were made: the head teachers in the secondary schools should endeavor to spell out what, who should be appraised, the methodology employed and most importantly the feedback got from appraisal should be communicated to teachers in time for the purpose of improving the participation of teachers in school activities. Educational administrators should endeavor to put in more effort in organizing workshops and seminars on appraisal practices geared towards improving the quality of teaching in schools and policy makers should endeavor to establish more concrete policies that encourage open and participatory appraisal practices that emphasize collegial and teamwork in regard to the involvement of teachers in school administration.
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    Armed conflicts and women empowerment in Northern Uganda : a case of LRA conflict in Gulu and Kitgum Districts 2003-2008
    (Makerere University, 2008) Atim, Odwong Beatrice
    Northern Uganda has witnessed armed conflicts for a long time. The most disastrous armed conflict in northern Uganda, the LRA conflict broke out immediately after the NRA’s take over or government in 1986. This war displaced many people especially in the districts of Gulu and Kitgum and led to many deaths in addition to many other effects. For over twenty years however, many studies were conducted concerning the effects of the LRA conflict on very many aspects of life except women empowerment. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyse the effect of armed conflicts on women empowerment, with specific reference to the LRA conflict in Gulu and Kitgum districts. The study adopted three specific objectives; to analyse the effects of armed conflicts on women in Gulu and Kitgum districts, to examine the nature of women empowerment in Gulu and Kitgum districts, and to explore other ways of empowering women in Gulu and Kitgum districts. Cross-sectional research design based on qualitative and quantitative data from primary and secondary sources were adopted to meet the study objectives. It was discovered that the LRA conflict has led to enormous suffering for women as they have suffered rape, murder, torture by the LRA combatants and government soldiers, prostitution, domestic violence, unwanted pregnancies, defilement, bodily harm, forced marriages and discrimination in education attainment. The negativities of the LRA insurgency denied women access to education and skills acquisition due to fear of abduction, camp life denied them access to economic resources and increased male domination. Despite the efforts by different NGOs, CBOs, government and development partners put in to empower women, very little has been achieved due to the LRA insurgency. Coupled with women’s lack of adequate education skills, access to and control of economic recourses, male domination and women’s selfishness to advance personal careers, women empowerment has remained a dream yet to achieve especially with rural women in Gulu and Kitgum districts. The study thus recommends that the approach to women empowerment be streamlined to include rural women in the agrarian cuttings, the state and other agencies at all levels of discussions concerned with women issues and empowerment. Unique and innovative approaches for women empowerment should also be designed, adopted and promoted by all stakeholders to match the disempowering factors such limited skills, limited access to economic resources and involvement in decision making if women empowerment is to be achieved, particularly so in Northern Uganda. These should include interventions such as interest free loans, farmers’ credit schemes with emphasis on girls and women, integrated gender focused skills training and development, and sensitizing of rural women on their rights, about the law, leadership and key global development trends.
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    Assessing the levels of pesticide residues in livestock products and water around Lake Mburo National Park, South Western Uganda.
    (Makerere University, 2013) Turyahikayo, Enid
    An assessment on the levels of pesticide residues in livestock products and water around Lake Mburo National Park, South Western Uganda was carried out in the year 2010/2011. This study was necessary in view of the fact that there is inadequate data on the levels of pesticide residues in live stock products and water despite the increasing use of pesticides to control animal disease vectors specially ticks. A structured questionnaire was used to interview the farmers on the types of pesticides used to control animal disease vectors, and their practices, knowledge and attitudes on the use of pesticides. A total of sixty (60) farmers were interviewed and data analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPPSS 19). Samples of milk, muscle and water were also collected and analyzed in a laboratory for organochlorine, organophosphate and pyrethroid residues. From the study, 100% of the farmers controlled animal disease vectors by use of pesticides. The survey revealed a total of ten (10) different pesticides that were being used by the farmers in the study area with synthetic pyrethroids (33.6%) being widely used followed by organophosphates and formamidine (22.1%). There was no organochlorine pesticide being used by the farmers and no organochlorine pesticide residues were detected. However, chlorfenvinphos residues of 0.13 mg/l, 0.11 mg/l, were detected in water sample 1 and 2 from Kanyarweru subcounty while 0.17 mg/l, 0.12 mg/l, 0.41 mg/l, 0.12 mg/l of chlorfenvinphos residues were detected in water sample 1, 2, 3 and 4 from Nyakashara subcounty. In addition, chlorfenvinphos residues of 0.32 mg/l, were detected in milk sample 5 from Sanga Subcounty while 0.28 mg/l and 0.31 mg/l were detected in milk sample 2 and 5 from Nyakashashara subcounty. Also, unquantifiable levels of chlorpyrifos residues, an organophosphate were detected in meat samples 1, 2 and 4 from Nyakasharara Sub County. No pyrethroid residues were detected in the animal products and water samples analyzed. The presence of pesticide residues in animal products and water could be attributed to the practices, attitudes and knowledge about the use of pesticides. The study revealed that viii 78% of the farmers disposed their pesticide containers around the spray area. It was also revealed that most of the spray areas were located in the radius of not more than 1km from the water source. This could be the probable cause of water contamination with pesticide residues as a result of runoff. In addition, 88% of the farmers interviewed had no knowledge on the withholding periods of the pesticides. Despite the fact that some of the pesticide residues detected in the livestock products and water are below the Maximum Residue Levels(MRLs) with increasing pesticide use for tick control in Uganda, there is a possibility of increased pesticide residue levels in livestock products and water above the MRLs. In addition, given that pesticides are toxic compounds their presence in food, even in trace amounts, should be avoided.
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    Assessing the levels of pesticide residues in livestock products and water around Lake Mburo National Park, South Western Uganda.
    ( 2013) Turyahikayo, Enid
    An assessment on the levels of pesticide residues in livestock products and water around Lake Mburo National Park, South Western Uganda was carried out in the year 2010/2011. This study was necessary in view of the fact that there is inadequate data on the levels of pesticide residues in live stock products and water despite the increasing use of pesticides to control animal disease vectors specially ticks. A structured questionnaire was used to interview the farmers on the types of pesticides used to control animal disease vectors, and their practices, knowledge and attitudes on the use of pesticides. A total of sixty (60) farmers were interviewed and data analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPPSS 19). Samples of milk, muscle and water were also collected and analyzed in a laboratory for organochlorine, organophosphate and pyrethroid residues. From the study, 100% of the farmers controlled animal disease vectors by use of pesticides. The survey revealed a total of ten (10) different pesticides that were being used by the farmers in the study area with synthetic pyrethroids (33.6%) being widely used followed by organophosphates and formamidine (22.1%). There was no organochlorine pesticide being used by the farmers and no organochlorine pesticide residues were detected. However, chlorfenvinphos residues of 0.13 mg/l, 0.11 mg/l, were detected in water sample 1 and 2 from Kanyarweru subcounty while 0.17 mg/l, 0.12 mg/l, 0.41 mg/l, 0.12 mg/l of chlorfenvinphos residues were detected in water sample 1, 2, 3 and 4 from Nyakashara subcounty. In addition, chlorfenvinphos residues of 0.32 mg/l, were detected in milk sample 5 from Sanga Subcounty while 0.28 mg/l and 0.31 mg/l were detected in milk sample 2 and 5 from Nyakashashara subcounty. Also, unquantifiable levels of chlorpyrifos residues, an organophosphate were detected in meat samples 1, 2 and 4 from Nyakasharara Sub County. No pyrethroid residues were detected in the animal products and water samples analyzed. The presence of pesticide residues in animal products and water could be attributed to the practices, attitudes and knowledge about the use of pesticides. The study revealed that viii 78% of the farmers disposed their pesticide containers around the spray area. It was also revealed that most of the spray areas were located in the radius of not more than 1km from the water source. This could be the probable cause of water contamination with pesticide residues as a result of runoff. In addition, 88% of the farmers interviewed had no knowledge on the withholding periods of the pesticides. Despite the fact that some of the pesticide residues detected in the livestock products and water are below the Maximum Residue Levels(MRLs) with increasing pesticide use for tick control in Uganda, there is a possibility of increased pesticide residue levels in livestock products and water above the MRLs. In addition, given that pesticides are toxic compounds their presence in food, even in trace amounts, should be avoided.
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    Assessing the potential of strengthening social security services into the informal sector: a case of Iganga Town Council market vendors
    (Makerere University, 2010-12) Wakabi, Mabel
    The provision of social security remains a problem in Uganda. It is generally spread in both the formal and informal sectors. However, comparatively speaking, the formal sector stands more advantage than the informal one since there is some degree of coverage through the NSSF. With the above scenario, informal sector workers are left with no option but to devise different strategies to address their social security needs. This study therefore, was set out to establish the potential of strengthening social security services to the informal sector. The study was conducted in Iganga District, Iganga Town council, targeting market vendors in Iganga central market and Kaliro road market. It employed a cross section study design and involved interviews with market vendors operating in the two markets. It employed both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques thus, interviews were conducted using questionnaires and key informant interviews were conducted using an interview guide. A sample size of 80 respondents was obtained; involving 65 market vendors and 15 key informants. Documentation of the available schemes was done in line with the study objectives and it was revealed that there are a number of schemes that have been put place to serve the purpose of providing social security services in the sector. These included among others: Agali awamu, black foundation, FrontPage, FINCA, ICEMA, munno mukabi, tweyambe, nsoni bwavu,fish mongers’ association and others with no names. An assessment was done of the different ways through which social security services can be strengthened in the informal sector and the findings revealed that a number of strategies can be adopted to address the necessity for social security provision and consolidation. These include: sensitization of potential members, Government intervention through provision of loans, strengthening leadership of the existing schemes, setting up income generating activities, formalization of existing schemes and making it an obligation for informal sector employees to contribute (by law). A number of factors were identified as being responsible for the low coverage of social security schemes in the informal sector. Among others, these included: fear to have property confiscated, making it hard for potential members to join existing schemes, Government’s failure to provide incentives to the informal sector workers, daily demands which can not allow potential members to make savings, weak groups, poor leadership, lack of security to guarantee loans and low capital. Based on the study findings, the study recommended that Government should intervene and develop special schemes to address the social security needs of the sector, initiate micro insurance schemes and strengthen mutual aid societies through creating awareness and provision of financial and technical support.
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    Assessment of borehole water quality and consumption in Yei County South Sudan.
    (Makerere University, 2014) Likambo, William
    The health risks associated with individual borehole water quality and quantity consumed is not clear for a third world nation like South Sudan. Spatial distribution of Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters were assessed from the rural and urban areas of Yei County in South Sudan. Water samples were collected and analyzed in the Wet Season (Mid June to July 2011) and Dry Season (February to Mid-March 2012). Factors affecting daily per capita borehole water consumption were also assessed. The results showed that Physico-chemical parameters; pH ranged from (6.0-8.1) in the dry season, (5.5 – 7.5) wet season. Others all in (mg/L); TDS varied from (14 – 309) in dry season, (18.3-321.1) wet season; NO3-N ranged from (0.000 – 3.8) in the dry season, (0.000-4.0) wet season, CaCO3 (12-115) in the dry season, (12-111) wet season, Fe2+ ranged from (0.001 – 0.1) in the dry season, (0.001-0.1) wet season and F- ranged from (0.12-2.01) in the dry season, (0.19-2.2) wet season. Micro-biological parameters; TC (cfu/100ml) ranged from (0-70) in the dry season, (0-100) wet season. FC ranged from (0-46) in the dry season, (0-75) wet season. All values increased in the wet season apart from pH that decreased. Urban boreholes produced slightly more acidic water than rural boreholes. Physico-Chemical parameters were not significantly affected by changing seasons (p>0.05) but had a significant effect on pH, TC and FC in the urban (p<0.05), while there was no significant effect in the rural (p>0.05). TDS, NO3-N, CaCO3, and F- values were all far below the WHO standards of drinking water in both seasons with all significance levels (<0.01). TC and FC in drinking water varied significantly from WHO values (p<0.05). Rural areas had no intra variations in all the parameters for both seasons (p>0.05). There were significant inter variations in pH, TDS, NO3-N, CaCO3, F-, TC and FC in both dry and wet seasons, all significances were (p<0.05). Distance from borehole, household size and changing seasons significantly affected daily per capita borehole water consumption (p<0.05). Consumption in Yei county varied from (4 – 23.8) in the wet season, (6.7 -29.5) dry season. Urban areas had higher amounts of consumption compared to rural. Households <500m from boreholes had higher daily per capita water consumption than those >1km away. It is therefore recommended to treat boreholes with pollution levels beyond the WHO limits. Survey of borehole drilling sites must be done prior to drilling to prevent areas of potential hazard to groundwater. There is need to increase accessibility to water resources.
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    Assessment of borehole water quality and consumption in Yei County South Sudan.
    (Makerere University, 2014) Likambo, William
    The health risks associated with individual borehole water quality and quantity consumed is not clear for a third world nation like South Sudan. Spatial distribution of Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters were assessed from the rural and urban areas of Yei County in South Sudan. Water samples were collected and analyzed in the Wet Season (Mid June to July 2011) and Dry Season (February to Mid-March 2012). Factors affecting daily per capita borehole water consumption were also assessed. The results showed that Physico-chemical parameters; pH ranged from (6.0-8.1) in the dry season, (5.5 – 7.5) wet season. Others all in (mg/L); TDS varied from (14 – 309) in dry season, (18.3-321.1) wet season; NO3-N ranged from (0.000 – 3.8) in the dry season, (0.000-4.0) wet season, CaCO3 (12-115) in the dry season, (12-111) wet season, Fe2+ ranged from (0.001 – 0.1) in the dry season, (0.001-0.1) wet season and F- ranged from (0.12-2.01) in the dry season, (0.19-2.2) wet season. Micro-biological parameters; TC (cfu/100ml) ranged from (0-70) in the dry season, (0-100) wet season. FC ranged from (0-46) in the dry season, (0-75) wet season. All values increased in the wet season apart from pH that decreased. Urban boreholes produced slightly more acidic water than rural boreholes. Physico-Chemical parameters were not significantly affected by changing seasons (p>0.05) but had a significant effect on pH, TC and FC in the urban (p<0.05), while there was no significant effect in the rural (p>0.05). TDS, NO3-N, CaCO3, and F- values were all far below the WHO standards of drinking water in both seasons with all significance levels (<0.01). TC and FC in drinking water varied significantly from WHO values (p<0.05). Rural areas had no intra variations in all the parameters for both seasons (p>0.05). There were significant inter variations in pH, TDS, NO3-N, CaCO3, F-, TC and FC in both dry and wet seasons, all significances were (p<0.05). Distance from borehole, household size and changing seasons significantly affected daily per capita borehole water consumption (p<0.05). Consumption in Yei county varied from (4 – 23.8) in the wet season, (6.7 -29.5) dry season. Urban areas had higher amounts of consumption compared to rural. Households <500m from boreholes had higher daily per capita water consumption than those >1km away. It is therefore recommended to treat boreholes with pollution levels beyond the WHO limits. Survey of borehole drilling sites must be done prior to drilling to prevent areas of potential hazard to groundwater. There is need to increase accessibility to water resources.
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    An assessment of climate variability and change and its effects on millet yields in Paicho sub county, Gulu District
    (Makerere University, 2013) Oriangi, George
    Climate variability and change are generally expected to adversely affect crop yields and livelihoods of agro-dependent societies especially in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA). However, there remain gaps on the dynamics of the expected regional climatic changes and impacts on key food security crops. In this study, an assessment of historical and projected climatic conditions and expected changes in millet yields for Paicho S/C up to the year 2033 was undertaken. Also assessed were the coping, adaptive and institutional roles with respect to climate change threats in the region. The study adopted a cross sectional survey design and engaged a compendium of methods to realize the formulated objectives. To determine historic climatic trends, rainfall and temperature data for 32 years and 19 years respectively was obtained from the Department of Meteorology of Uganda and subjected to trend analysis. For future climate, the PRECIS (Providing Regional Climates for Impact Studies) model was used based on projected conditions at a 50 km spatial resolution. The projected climate outputs from the PRECIS model were input in the Penman Grindley model to simulate future millet yields under changed climatic regimes. To elicit coping and adaptation measures, household interviews based on a statistically determined sample of 147 respondents were conducted. This was subjected to a range of statistical analysis techniques including regression analysis and cross tabulations to generate relationships as well as descriptive statistics. Differences in means were detected at a 95% confidence level. The results indicate seasonal and decadal variations in rainfall amounts while annual rainfall amount remained quasi uniform (P>0.05) for the period 1980-2010) implying that the area is currently contending more with climate variability rather than climate change. In general, the area receives adequate annual rainfall amount of over 1150mm which should be supportive to crop growth and abundant yields. However, the rainfall is distributed in one long season spanning from March to October and characterized with inconsistencies in amounts. Both mean annual maximum and minimum temperature trends show a statistically strong and significant increase (p<0.05). Comparatively, the minimum temperatures have varied more than the maximum temperatures. PRECIS projected changes for 2033 reveal a strong and significant decrease in rainfall (p< 0.05). This is likely to decrease millet yields by 2.6% below the average current yields of 1.8t/ha/yr under the business as usual scenario. The current coping mechanisms to climate variability and change in the community include buying food (27%), exchange of labor for food (25%), and getting food help (21%). The major adaptation strategies to climate change include; getting jobs outside agriculture (20%), adjusting planting dates and diversifying production (19%) and mixed cropping (15%). Existing institutions include; Local councils, clan/elders networks, family networks, religious institutions, NGO’s and CBO’s. Their major roles include; governing entitlements to key resources, decision on planting dates, limiting tree cutting and bush burning, access to credit and relevant information regarding climate variability and change.
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    Assessment of education interventions by world vision and compassion international on orphans and vulnerable children of Rakai District, Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2009) Musinguzi, Robert
    The worsening situation of Orphans and other Vulnerable Children (OVC) in Uganda raised concern from International NGOs such as Compassion International (CI) and World Vision (WV) to offer education services among others. This study sought to establish the nature of the education needs of vulnerable children, the criteria for selecting education beneficiaries by World vision and Compassion International, the impact of education efforts on addressing the needs of the OVC as well as the challenges faced by International NGOs in addressing the education needs of the OVC. A cross-sectional research design was adopted and primary data collected using questionnaires from 62 beneficiaries of World vision and Compassion International. In addition, one Compassion International and one World Vision staff, two Church leaders, five opinion leaders and one Rakai District Education Officer were consulted. Random and purposive sampling were used to select respondents. Qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis while quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) to generate descriptive statistics. Research findings revealed that the major education needs of OVC were school fees, exercise books and pens, school uniform, personal requirements like shoes, toilet paper, brooms, school bags, vaseline as well as lunch. Although each NGO had standards that had to be followed in selection of OVC to benefit from their education support, both had a similarity of giving priority to orphans and vulnerable children. As far as their impact was concerned, international NGOs had made a positive impact in education of the OVC in Kakuuto county. This is in spite of several challenges like inability to cater for all the requirements of secondary school students, failure to cater for boarding costs for OVC whose homes are beyond 3km from the schools, delay in payment of school dues, disappointment expressed by donors about children who failed to be promoted to the next classes and; political interference among others. Therefore, the study recommended that both NGOs should widen the scope of the OVC selection standards by increasing their geographical coverage to allow many children to benefit from their assistance, quick payment of school fees by negotiating for annual school fees payments rather than the current termly payments, seeking funds for boarding costs and remedial classes by writing more fundable proposals, finding alternative sources of funding like income generating activities and fundraising drives among others.
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    An assessment of instructional media used in the functional adult literacy (FAL) programmes: A case study of Wakiso District, Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2010-11) Nazziwa, Doreen
    This study explores the use of instructional media in Functional Adult Literacy programmes of Wakiso District (Makindye and Nsangi Sub-Counties). It is associated with the transformative nature of media and materials in adult instruction. The study is a description of instructional media use and practices. It is intended to find out what instructional media are available in FAL programmes and how they are being used in improving adult literacy, numeracy skills and the competence of the users during instruction. A case study design was used. It also took both a qualitative and quantitative approach. Data was collected from the supervisors, instructors and learners of the FAL programmes using both closed and open-ended questionnaires, interviews, and observations. The findings of the study showed that when instructional media resources are adequately available and appropriately used for adult instruction, learners are in a better position of acquiring literacy, numeracy and functional skills for lifelong learning. This is even better if the users have the adequate knowledge and skills in using instructional media for teaching and learning. It is recommended that the use of Instructional media becomes the centre of focus for the entire FAL programme.
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    Assessment of the effectiveness of school management committees in pastoral communities: a case study of Bokora county, Moroto District
    (Makerere University, 2008) Akech, Rosemary Oyollo
    Uganda attaches a lot of importance to effective school management at all levels to ensure provision of quality education that should contribute to national development. The study sought to establish whether School Management Committees (SMC) in pastoral communities performed their mandated roles to effectively manage the schools and if not what could be done to enhance their performance. The research questions and objectives of the study focused on assessing the extent of effectiveness of the SMCs. It explored the contextual factors (socio-cultural, economic, physical, policy guidelines, school inspection and gender balance) that determine the performance of SMCs. It examined the effects of the level of effectiveness of SMCs on pupils learning and suggested possible strategies for enhancing performance of SMCs. The study was cross-sectional and used both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Field data was collected from 100 respondents who included SMCs, head teachers, teachers, parents, opinion leaders, education officials and NGOs using questionnaires, FGD guides, interview guides and review of secondary data. The key findings of the study were that; The SMC knew their roles though they mainly performed supervisory role and neglected administrative and consultative roles. This was due to the socio-cultural, economic and physical factors that influenced the performance of the SMC in primary schools. Livestock rearing as a major economic activity limited the participation of members in SMC because livestock rearing is the only reliable means of livelihood in Bokora and Karamoja generally. In order to strengthen the work of SMCs, it was recommended that government increases funding for Education programmes in the region. There is need to have more women participate in SMCs since they did not go to the “kraals” and were always in the “Manyattas”. A comprehensive development plan adequately funded to enable the Karimojong practice modern pastoralism would go along way to impact positively on management of primary schools in Bokora and Karamoja as a whole.
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    Assessment of the level of school fire safety preparedness in primary and secondary boarding schools in Wakiso Districts
    (Makerere University, 2010) Nsajju, Ben
    Background: School fire disabilities and deaths are a public health concern not only because of the increased incidences, but also the type of disability or death caused, the predominantly young population involved and the uncertainty cast on both education and health systems of the nation. Despite the many reported school fires no audit on fire safety in schools has been done. We conducted a study to assess fire safety preparedness in boarding schools located in Wakiso district. Methods: A cross sectional study using quantitative and qualitative data collection methods was conducted in 54 boarding schools in Wakiso district. All boarding schools in Wakiso district were identified and the sample selected proportionate to size. From each school the in charge of fire safety or the headmaster responded to the questionnaire. Quantitative data was collected using a structured questionnaire and an observational checklist that assessed the structural design, equipment and measures against fire. Qualitative data was collected from six focus group discussions. Fire safety preparedness was assessed using a matrix score and expressed as a percentage, the safety level was considered adequate if it was above 70%. Quantitative analysis was by Epi Info 3.5.1 and qualitative data was analyzed manually using matrix table. Results: Only 28% of boarding schools in Wakiso were prepared against fire. Compared to schools that had a day and boarding section, schools that had only a boarding section were 4.5 times more prepared against fires (OR 4.56, 95% CI: 1.12 and 18. 31). School ownership was not associated with fire safety preparedness. Inadequate financing and improper instructions were the main hindrances to school fire safety cited. Conclusion: Fire safety preparedness among boarding schools in Wakiso district was inadequate. Frequent support supervision and legislation is required to improve fire safety levels in boarding schools in Wakiso district.
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    The association of high serum estradiol level with breast cancer women at Mulago Hospital
    (Makerere University, 2011-06) Awio, John Peter
    Background: Breast cancer is one of the top three common types of cancers diagnosed in women. In Uganda breast cancer is the third commonest cancer in women after cancer of the cervix and Kaposi's sarcoma. The incidence of breast cancer in Uganda has nearly tripled from 11:100,000 in 1961 to 31:100,000 in 2006. High serum estradiol ≥8.03pg/ml has 2.9 to 3.6 relative risks for breast cancer compare to those on the lower quartile ≤2.29pg/ml. Objective: The research was conducted to establish whether high serum estradiol is associated with breast cancer amongst Ugandan women seen in Mulago Hospital. Methods: A case control study was conducted in an eight month period with patients confirmed with breast cancer as cases and those without breast lesion as controls. The sampling was consecutive and interview questionnaire was administered, clinical examination was done, and blood taken for estradiol level. The main predictor was estradiol levels and the outcome was confirmed breast cancer. Data was analyzed using SPSS V16.0 using logistic regression model, and a P- value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results The median estrogen levels in Ugandan women is 43.2 pg/ml with interquartile range of 18.48 to 75.8 pg/ml, the value was higher in premenopausal women and those without cancer but with no statistical significance. Factors associated with breast cancer disease included the body mass index, age at menarche, history of ever been diagnosed with benign breast disease and alcohol intake. No association was found between level of estradiol and the risk for breast cancer disease. Conclusion The median estrogen levels in Ugandan women is 43.2 pg/ml. No association was found between level of estradiol and the risk for breast cancer disease. There is need to identify factors that can be used in early screening or administering preventive interventions among the Ugandan population so as to reduce the burden of breast cancer disease in the population.
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    Availability, accessibility and use of ICT in a university setting: A case of the academic staff in the college of education and external studies.
    (Makerere University, 2012-11) Kisekka, Hussein
    The purpose of the study was to ascertain the extent of ICT availability, accessibility and use by the academic staff of the College of Education and External Studies (CEES), Makerere University. Specifically the study intended to establish the extent of (i) availability of ICT resources to the academic staff in the College, (ii) accessibility of ICT resources to the academic staff in the College, (iii) use of ICT resources by the academic staff of the College in teaching and research and (iv) stage of ICT development of the College according to Nolan’s growth model. The research design was descriptive survey taking both quantitative and qualitative paradigms involving distributing questionnaires to the academic staff and interviewing few of them. Fifty of the targeted population (academic staff) participated in the study by answering the self administered questionnaire. All staff were accessible save for a few who were absent at the time of data collection. Seven members of the academic staff were interviewed comprising of some heads of departments and lecturers taking at least two from each School. Numerical or quantitative data was analysed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) for generation of summary frequency tables, cumulative percentages and means. Qualitative data was analysed through narration. Findings revealed a high level of availability and accessibility of desktop computers, laptops and internet while projectors and smart boards were not available in the College. Findings also revealed a high level of ICT use in research, lesson planning, compiling and reporting learners’ results, academic presentations and data analysis but low level of ICT use in teaching. Findings also revealed that the College has moved through stages 1 (initiation) and 2 (unplanned expansion with no restriction) and is now mainly in stage 3 (restrictions and control). Basing on the assessment of results, the researcher concluded that there were inadequate levels of availability and accessibility especially projectors and smart boards. There was also inadequate use of ICTs (computers, projectors, internet and smart boards) in teaching by the academic staff of the College of Education and External Studies (CEES), Makerere University. There is need to increase the levels of availability and accessibility of ICTs especially projectors and smart boards. There is also need to increase the level of use of ICTs by the academic staff in the College of Education and External Studies, Makerere University especially in teaching. The researcher recommended more funding and procurement of ICT equipment especially projectors and smart boards that are severely lacking yet they are highly required for effective use of ICT in teaching. This will push the College to better levels of ICT development that is stage five of data administration and stage six of maturity or perfection according to Nolan’s growth model.
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    Awareness, trust and stock market efficiency: the case of Uganda Securities Market
    (Makerere University, 2011-08) Lintari, John Murungi
    The study was motivated by the challenges of awareness and trust on the Uganda Securities Exchange. It sought to examine the extent to which stock market efficiency depends on the awareness and trust of investors. The study was guided by three major objectives; to examine the relationship between awareness and trust; to establish the relationship and impact of awareness and trust on stock market efficiency. The study adopted a cross sectional survey design which was correlational in nature. It used both primary and secondary data sources and later analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences to generate descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed a strong positive correlation between awareness and trust among the investing public. The study also revealed a strong positive correlation between trust and stock market efficiency. Both awareness and trust had an impact on stock market efficiency but from the simultaneous multiple regression model the findings revealed that trust was a more important predictor of stock exchange performance.. The study recommends the stepping of awareness campaigns and restructuring of the curricular to have stock market studies at A-level and to make incomes on stock trading tax free. Others are the government should make it policy to divest through the stock exchange instead of looking for a strategic partner. The locals should be targeted first before any foreign investors are brought on board when it comes to selling local company shares. USE should also encourage more cross boarder listing.