College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology (CEDAT)

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Browsing College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology (CEDAT) by Title

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    A comparative analysis of conventional RCC slabs and Composite Steel Deck Slabs during the construction phase.
    (Makerere University, 2025-12-09) Muzamil, Sande
    Concrete and steel are by far the most popular when it comes to construction materials in Uganda and the world at large, particularly for projects of medium and low height. In the past decades, Concrete has been used as the main composite material for build construction but recently we have witnessed an overwhelming adoption of Structural steel being used for the construction of tall buildings. This has mainly been attributed to the need to optimize costs and fast & timely delivery of project time lines which have been and are still the major challenges to construction projects This study presents a comparative analysis of Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) slabs and Structural Steel Decked (SSD) slabs, with a particular focus on their cost and time efficiency during the construction phase. Using the proposed Kabira Country Club Hotel extension project as a case study, the research evaluates material and labour costs, construction durations, and key structural characteristics of each slab system. Data was collected through site observations, construction records, and project documents, and analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings indicate that SSD slabs offer notable advantages over RCC slabs, including a 20.3% reduction in total construction cost and a 43.75% decrease in construction time. Additionally, SSD systems simplify labour requirements by eliminating traditional formwork and reducing reinforcement needs. The study concludes that SSD slabs are a more efficient alternative for modern construction projects where time and cost are critical considerations. Recommendations are made for broader adoption of SSD systems, further training for construction professionals, and additional research into long-term performance and sustainability factors.
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    A computerized maintenance management system for real-time monitoring of medical equipment under the Ministry of Health, Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2025) Ssebuliba, Kato Hussein
    The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the critical importance of efficient healthcare service delivery, particularly in resource-constrained settings like Uganda. Amid the surge in demand for healthcare services, the Ministry of Health faced significant challenges in managing medical equipment due to the lack of a centralized system for tracking equipment status and performance. The reliance on outdated, paper-based systems exacerbated delays, inefficiencies, and poor resource allocation, underscoring the urgency for a more robust solution. This research addressed this gap by developing a computerized maintenance management system (CMMS) tailored to the needs of Uganda’s healthcare system, focusing on real-time monitoring and management of forty (40) Digital X-ray machines across public health facilities. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining stakeholder consultations, system requirement gathering, and iterative system design. Quantitative data was collected through system performance tests in different network environments, while qualitative insights were obtained from focus group discussions with hospital administrators, radiographers, and biomedical engineers. The CMMS was designed to integrate Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication for real-time data acquisition, alert management, and maintenance scheduling. The system was evaluated for usability, functionality, and effectiveness in tracking equipment status and downtime. Key findings indicate that the CMMS significantly reduced equipment downtime by facilitating prompt fault reporting and maintenance interventions. Data transmission delays were minimal in urban settings (2-5 seconds), although rural facilities experienced longer delays (up to 50 seconds) due to network limitations. User feedback provided the system’s intuitive dashboard and enhanced decision-making capabilities. Overall, the CMMS demonstrated the potential to streamline maintenance operations and strengthen healthcare service delivery.
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    A GIS assessment of the effect of uncontrolled urbanisation on ECO system services in Wakiso, Uganda : a case study of Kyengera Town Council, Wakiso District
    (Makerere University, 2025) Sitenda, Nicodemus Magulu
    This study investigated the trend of the LULC and variation of ESV in Kyengera Town Council using remote sensing data for twenty years, from 2000 to 2020. Also, the study clearly states the importance of remote sensing and satellite images in quantifying land cover changes and ecosystem conservation that was covered in the objectives of the study. The study area was centred and rotated on Kyengera Town Council situated along Kampala – Masaka road and its headquarters are located at Nsangi – Mukono in Nsangi parish, approximately 15km from Kampala Capital City Authority. The primary data included GPS coordinates picked to aid in accuracy assessment and field photos and the tools used included, Google Earth Engine, ENVI software, Arc GIS and Microsoft office for the tasks summarized; also, those tools were used to extract urbanization and vegetation cover data. The methodology used mainly included the pre-processing methods that were done to remove flaws and deficiencies in the images due to atmospheric and electric noise and, included operations such as atmospheric and radiometric corrections, tasseled cap and PCA. LULC change was being driven by a combination of factors, including growing urban populations and their livelihoods, unplanned urban settlement, transportation congestion, air pollution, unmanaged solid waste disposal, and global climate change. Also, the findings of this study suggested the current value of ecosystem services; also suggested that policymakers should consider the regional heterogeneity of ES supply and the gradient analysis for a more accurate definition of ES supply. However, the study provided the new insight into variation in ESV in the region over the past 20 years of the study period. In summary, the study recommended the integrating nature-based solutions in urban development plans, policies, and financial support for implementing smart interventions; some of the recommended plans were green roof space, rainwater harvesting, sufficient use of clean and green energy, and plantation in available spaces at large scales with the active participation of communities and coordination with governmental bodies to enhance the ecosystem services by increasing LULC dynamics. The results of this study were useful in land use, and land cover model analysis tests alternate approaches for the determination how they (land use, and land cover model analysis tests) affected the ecosystem. ESV calculation was a conclusive and suitable method for valuing the ecosystem in terms of money, giving the scientific foundation for directing the policies.
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    A Land Tenure Arrangement for Refugees on Customary Land.
    (Makerere University, 2025-12-08) Nagujja, Sophia
    Countries addressing the global refugee crisis are increasingly shifting toward integrating refugees within national systems by granting them access to community land held customarily. Uganda is lauded for its refugee policy that allocates free land to refugees, with the Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) negotiating with landowners to voluntarily settle them. Although this process is intended to be formalized through Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs), implementation frequently falls short, resulting in inadequate representation of the rights, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRR) of all parties and the spatial units involved. These gaps pose tenure security risks for both host communities and refugees. This challenge motivated the central research question: What kind of tenure arrangement can safeguard the rights of customary landholders while ensuring secure access for refugees? The study examined the impact of existing customary land acquisition rules and procedures on tenure security and explored improved practices. It investigated the institutional framework and developed a conceptual model for a tenure arrangement that balances the security needs of both rights holders and refugees. The study followed a single-case design with embedded multiple cases and used mixed methods, including document review, semi-structured questionnaires, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and expert opinions. It also applied design thinking methodology and Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) specialization to develop the tenure arrangement. Findings revealed that current customary land acquisition practices significantly affect tenure security for both host communities and refugees, with more severe consequences for host communities due to deviations from the standard principles of Voluntary Land Donation (VLD). The study proposed more transparent, locally contextualized procedures that align with international VLD standards to minimize insecurity for both groups. It introduced new institutions mandated by local legal frameworks to manage communal land in collaboration with OPM, ensuring tenure security remains central. A tenure arrangement compliant with LADM that recognizes all social tenure rights for host communities and refugees was also developed. The study concluded that current acquisition practices compromise tenure security and presented a more transparent acquisition and institutional framework, along with a tenure arrangement that acknowledges all rights holders. It recommends strengthened, standardized land acquisition practices, formally recognized agreements by the relevant Ministries and OPM, and prioritizing the operationalization of land tenure arrangement for refugees
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    A model commercialization framework for technological innovations in Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2025-12-08) Jjagwe, Ronald
    Innovation commercialization drives economic growth, prosperity, and sustainable development in Uganda. The Government of Uganda (GOU) has invested significantly in research, innovation, and development. Despite these efforts, challenges persist in translating innovations into commercially viable products and services. Scientists, researchers, and innovators often lack a structured approach to effective commercialization, and the existing literature lacks an integrative framework. This study aimed to elucidate a comprehensive framework for innovation commercialization by integrating strategies and measures at the firm, market, and policy levels. The research identifies key barriers and drivers affecting innovation commercialization and proposes actionable solutions to enhance the process in Uganda. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, integrating both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. Data collection involved a review of key policy documents, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and consultative meetings with researchers, innovators, and technopreneurs. Additionally, direct observations of innovation and commercialization processes within technology-driven enterprises were conducted. Interviews were conducted with technopreneurs, researchers, innovators, incubation managers, industry stakeholders, and government officials to gather insights into the factors influencing innovation commercialization. The study assessed commercialization barriers and drivers at the firm, market, and policy levels, leading to the development of targeted strategies and measures. The findings underscore the critical role of the National Innovation System (NIS) in facilitating interaction and learning among key stakeholders in Uganda's innovation ecosystem. Challenges such as fragmented ecosystems, inadequate support infrastructure, and insufficient financial mechanisms hinder the efficiency of research and innovation institutions. The study introduces a model commercialization framework and identifies the key determinants of successful commercialization, including firm-level capabilities, market-driven product awareness, industry dynamics, and policy-related factors. The study emphasizes the need for support mechanisms and recommends policy reforms to foster a vibrant market for technological innovations in Uganda. A multifaceted approach is proposed, incorporating investments in research and development (R&D) infrastructure, market access initiatives, and regulatory enhancements. Addressing structural barriers such as weak institutional support, limited financial access, and a lack of coordination among innovation actors is essential to bridge the commercialization gap. Strengthening talent exchange programs, developing regional knowledge value chains, and prioritizing institutional reforms are key to improving commercialization efficiency. To enhance the commercialization of innovations in Uganda, it is recommended to strengthen the NIS to improve collaboration and knowledge sharing among key actors; establish sustainable financial mechanisms to support innovation commercialization; enhance regulatory frameworks to create an enabling policy environment; expand R&D infrastructure to facilitate technology development and market readiness; and promote strategic partnerships to enhance market access and commercialization opportunities.
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    A model for predicting transformer failure tendencies on 132 kilovolts power network in Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2025) Mutumba, Moses Nsereko
    Uganda’s 132 kV transmission network has experienced increasingly frequent and costly power transformer failures, often occurring without warning and leading to cascaded outages, extended downtime, and significant corrective maintenance expenses. The prevailing asset management framework remains largely reactive, lacking an effective condition-based monitoring and predictive maintenance strategy. This study was thus motivated by the need to develop a robust prediction tool capable of identifying transformers approaching critical degradation, minimizing unexpected failures, and guiding timely replacement decisions based on actual transformer health rather than age alone. To achieve this, the study set out to: (i) identify key operational parameters influencing 132 kV transformer failure, (ii) develop a predictive model for degradation under diverse stochastic and loading environments, (iii) validate the model’s accuracy, and (iv) derive a cost-effective replacement strategy. Using a quantitative research approach, historical condition-based monitoring data for 30 transformers across selected substations was collected over a 23-year period. A hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization–Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (PSO-ANFIS) model was developed to predict transformer degradation trends using key condition variables such as breakdown voltage (BDV), moisture content, acidity, interfacial tension (IFT), and dissolved gas analysis (DGA) parameters. Model performance was evaluated using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The PSO-ANFIS model consistently outperformed the traditional ANFIS across all parameters, with average improvements of 25–35% in accuracy. For BDV, the PSOANFIS achieved an RMSE of 1.75, MAE of 1.42, and MAPE of 5.4%, compared to ANFIS values of 2.35, 1.89, and 7.2%, respectively. Similar improvements were observed for other indicators—moisture (MAPE 4.7% vs. 6.8%), acidity (5.2% vs. 8.5%), and key DGA gases (average MAPE 5.5% vs. 8.4%). The results showed that the PSO-ANFIS model significantly improved prediction accuracy, enabling early identification of asymptomatic transformers and supporting a proactive, cost-efficient replacement strategy tailored to the Ugandan grid. The study’s findings present an important step toward modernizing transformer asset management using intelligent prediction models.
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    A Model for Predicting Transformer Failure Tendencies on 132 kilovolts Power Network in Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2025) Mutumba Moses Nsereko
    Uganda’s 132 kV transmission network has experienced increasingly frequent and costly power transformer failures, often occurring without warning and leading to cascaded outages, extended downtime, and significant corrective maintenance expenses. The prevailing asset management framework remains largely reactive, lacking an effective condition-based monitoring and predictive maintenance strategy. This study was thus motivated by the need to develop a robust prediction tool capable of identifying transformers approaching critical degradation, minimizing unexpected failures, and guiding timely replacement decisions based on actual transformer health rather than age alone. To achieve this, the study set out to: (i) identify key operational parameters influencing 132 kV transformer failure, (ii) develop a predictive model for degradation under diverse stochastic and loading environments, (iii) validate the model’s accuracy, and (iv) derive a cost-effective replacement strategy. Using a quantitative research approach, historical condition-based monitoring data for 30 transformers across selected substations was collected over a 23-year period. A hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization– Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (PSO-ANFIS) model was developed to predict transformer degradation trends using key condition variables such as breakdown voltage (BDV), moisture content, acidity, interfacial tension (IFT), and dissolved gas analysis (DGA) parameters. Model performance was evaluated using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The PSO-ANFIS model consistently outperformed the traditional ANFIS across all parameters, with average improvements of 25–35% in accuracy. For BDV, the PSOANFIS achieved an RMSE of 1.75, MAE of 1.42, and MAPE of 5.4%, compared to ANFIS values of 2.35, 1.89, and 7.2%, respectively. Similar improvements were observed for other indicators—moisture (MAPE 4.7% vs. 6.8%), acidity (5.2% vs. 8.5%), and key DGA gases (average MAPE 5.5% vs. 8.4%). The results showed that the PSO-ANFIS model significantly improved prediction accuracy, enabling early identification of asymptomatic transformers and supporting a proactive, cost-efficient replacement strategy tailored to the Ugandan grid. The study’s findings present an important step toward modernizing transformer asset management using intelligent prediction models. xii
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    A report on the construction of Dormitory, one unit- three classroom block and other facilities at Kisozi Seed Secondary School – Gomba District
    (Makerere University, 2025) Mbulalina, David
    The construction of a dormitory, one unit three classroom blocks and other facilities is aimed at providing more accommodation and reducing the number of students to classroom ratio at Kisozi Seed Secondary School. Other expected outcomes are improved access to inclusive and quality education services for the surrounding communities in Gomba District, expand and equip capacity of infrastructure. The project included the following details; project name, purpose of the project, main objective of the project, the stakeholders involved, cost and estimated project duration. Management challenged identified and discussed such as employment of the non-skilled youth from the surrounding communities at the project, environmental and social safeguards, noise interferences during learning sessions. Management decisions taken, discussed and lessons learnt. Finally, conclusion drawn and appropriate recommendations made from management issues discussed. Rhen relevant document such as working drawings, BOQs, and photographs taken site to show progress.
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    A review of success factors for design-build contracts in Uganda; a case study of Kampala.
    (Makerere University, 2026-01-05) Nyarenga, Innocent
    The study review success factors for design-build contracts in Uganda; A case study of Kampala. This study was guided by the following objectives; to review factors that affect the performance of DB contract, analyze how these factors apply in the Ugandan construction industry, reveal the challenges faced by DB contracts in Uganda and to examine the different changes needed to DB contracts in Uganda. Survey Method, the questionnaire was used to collect data from; Civil engineers, Architects and Quantity surveyors. The questions that these respondents answered on a Likert scale were drawn from these study objectives. The study employed the interview method. Interviews in this study helped the researcher obtain more information on the topic under investigation. The researcher interviewed contractors and architects in line with the study objectives and the interview guide. The researcher reviewed documents in order to obtain recorded information that is related to success factors for design-build contracts in the developing economies, the study also used Archival records, to get information related to the study, when the research observed key documents and information about design and build were also further included in the study, a sample size of 40 respondents was taken from a total population of 45 respondents, who included civil engineers, Architects, quantity surveyors, and construction contractors. The research confirmed that D&B offers significant advantages over traditional methods, including greater flexibility for early design adjustments, faster decision-making, and improved communication through single-point responsibility, enhanced time efficiency via integrated scheduling (e.g., Gantt charts, simplified client supervision, better cost control through negotiated savings, and stronger quality assurance and accountability. The Mbuya project demonstrated that early presentation of architectural designs, provision of financial guarantees by reputable institutions, and proactive risk identification (especially funder liquidity) substantially increased client confidence and project momentum. However, benefits were partly offset by delays in approvals, under-quoting, and coordination challenges within joint ventures. To maximise D&B potential for affordable housing, the study recommends that contractors should be empowered for early-stage design changes, adopt robust scheduling tools, maintain direct and regular client communication, enforce rigorous quality supervision, secure financial guarantees, ensure realistic and detailed early cost planning, and present designs for client approval before contract award.
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    A review of the Housing resettlement of the Maasai from Ngorongoro to Msomera-Handeni-Tanga.
    (Makerere University, 2025-12-04) Kivuyo, Moses L.
    This research reviewed the process of housing provisions during the resettlement of the Maasai from Ngorongoro to Msomera-Tanga. Despite housing being crucial for human sustainability, it poses significant challenges for the Maasai community in Tanzania during the resettlement from one area to another. Current housing policies and programs fail to effectively address the socio-cultural aspects of sustainability and often overlook the community's unique needs. These initiatives focus on the quantity of housing units delivered rather than the broader system, neglecting the socio-cultural aspirations of beneficiaries and resulting in cultural disconnection and social fragmentation. The research adopted a mixed-methods approach, incorporating in-depth interviews, participatory observation, focus group discussions, site surveys, and document reviews to explore housing challenges. It also utilized ArcGIS Pro software to analyse land use patterns from 2013 to 2023, identifying changes in vegetation, water features, and bare land that may impact the pastoral lifestyle. While many studies have explored housing delivery challenges based on specific community needs, these challenges differ significantly across contexts. This research aimed to address this gap by providing an overview of housing provisions and the obstacles to sustainable housing in MsomeraTanga. Findings indicate that the despite the concerted efforts provided by the government and Maasai adaptation to new environment, the relocation still pose challenges in terms of their cultural values which results in disruption of cultural identity. This research holds practical significance for policymakers, implementers, and researchers focused on achieving successful and sustainable resettlement out-comes. The research recommends the use of participatory design approach as it actively involves the Maasai community in the design process, ensuring that housing solutions reflect their voices, cultural values, and specific needs, ultimately enhancing their well-being and cultural identity.
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    A sculptural contextualization of selected Lugbara artifacts
    (Makerere University, 2025) Feni, Desmond
    The ethnic diversity of Uganda is something of beauty. The Lugbara people is one of the groups that have made WestNile their home and have over the years cultivated a rich culture and heritage. Lugbara artifacts continue to be in the shadow of many cultural artifacts which have over the years been researched and explored. This research gives the opportunity for Lugbara artifacts to come to the fore front and take center stage. The purpose of the study is to contextualize selected Lugbara artifacts in sculpture. Sculpture is one of the oldest forms of human creating dating back millennia. The Lugbara have especially functional sculpture which has the capacity for daily use but also entails a huge amount of aesthetic content and beauty. Discussions with Lugbara people defined this research in many unimaginable ways as they were able to provide a lot in oral literature but also access to some of the scarce artifacts. It should be noted that the scope available from which the artifacts cane be selected was vast and narrowing it down came to employing different considerations. These included first and foremost, the appearance of the artifact, the frequency of use among the Lugbara and the cultural significance of the artifact. The selected artifacts included the Envu which is a Lugbara cooking pot made of fired clay. Kobi which is a winnowing shovel used in grain and general food preparation, the Luku, which for this research might carry the most beautiful story and significance, the Luku is a traditional baby cover made by the Lugbara to cover infants by a mother as African culture has women putting their children behind their backs. The Luku then is used to shield the infant from the elements such as rain and sunshine. Koyo and Mari are musical instruments used by the Lugbara in recreation but also if coupled with drums can be used to sound alarms and send communication. Lastly the Adungu which is widely known and is also a musical instrument used in recreation. These artifacts were examined and coupled with the information gathered from interviewing the various Lugbara informants, sculptural expressions were created. Creating sculpture is the surface of how important this research is but enforces the fact that art can play a vital role in creating awareness about the loss and disappearance of our culture in society today and encourage us to conserve it as we best possibly can.
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    A Sculptural Contextualization of selected Lugbara Artifacts
    (Makerere University, 2025) Feni, Desmond
    The ethnic diversity of Uganda is something of beauty. The Lugbara people is one of the groups that have made WestNile their home and have over the years cultivated a rich culture and heritage. Lugbara artifacts continue to be in the shadow of many cultural artifacts which have over the years been researched and explored. This research gives the opportunity for Lugbara artifacts to come to the fore front and take center stage. The purpose of the study is to contextualize selected Lugbara artifacts in sculpture. Sculpture is one of the oldest forms of human creating dating back millennia. The Lugbara have especially functional sculpture which has the capacity for daily use but also entails a huge amount of aesthetic content and beauty. Discussions with Lugbara people defined this research in many unimaginable ways as they were able to provide a lot in oral literature but also access to some of the scarce artifacts. It should be noted that the scope available from which the artifacts cane be selected was vast and narrowing it down came to employing different considerations. These included first and foremost, the appearance of the artifact, the frequency of use among the Lugbara and the cultural significance of the artifact. The selected artifacts included the Envu which is a Lugbara cooking pot made of fired clay. Kobi which is a winnowing shovel used in grain and general food preparation, the Luku, which for this research might carry the most beautiful story and significance, the Luku is a traditional baby cover made by the Lugbara to cover infants by a mother as African culture has women putting their children behind their backs. The Luku then is used to shield the infant from the elements such as rain and sunshine. Koyo and Mari are musical instruments used by the Lugbara in recreation but also if coupled with drums can be used to sound alarms and send communication. Lastly the Adungu which is widely known and is also a musical instrument used in recreation. These artifacts were examined and coupled with the information gathered from interviewing the various Lugbara informants, sculptural expressions were created. Creating sculpture is the surface of how important this research is but enforces the fact that art can play a vital role in creating awareness about the loss and disappearance of our culture in society today and encourage us to conserve it as we best possibly can.
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    A systems-based management framework for sustained operation and maintenance of sanitation facilities in schools : a case of Kampala City, Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2026) Byansi, Jude Zziwa
    Sustaining sanitation service delivery in schools requires effective operation and maintenance (O&M) systems supported by appropriate technologies, reliable resources, and structured management processes. However, in many low- and middle-income urban contexts, the functionality of sanitation facilities tends to decline over time because O&M systems are often inconsistently implemented. This study assessed sanitation service levels in Kampala City schools and developed a validated O&M framework together with a decision support system (DSS) to strengthen service delivery. The study used a sequential mixed-methods design. It began with a cross-sectional assessment of sanitation conditions in 274 schools using structured observations to determine factors associated with sanitation service levels and to examine toilet cleanliness as a core O&M outcome. Findings from this assessment informed the development of preliminary thematic domains. These domains were prioritized by stakeholders through a workshop using the Analytic Hierarchy Process and the SWING method. Five regional workshops involving 205 school Head Teachers and Sanitation Teachers then applied a risk-based assessment guided by the Sanitation Safety Planning framework to identify indicators posing the highest threats to continuity of sanitation services. The prioritized domains and risk findings were synthesized into a school level O&M framework, and a DSS based on this framework was developed and tested in a separate workshop. The results showed that 62% of schools operated at limited sanitation service levels, while 38% achieved basic levels. The O&M factors that significantly predicted sanitation service levels included special sanitation budget (OR = 3.6), cleanliness (OR=2.1), mode of toilet flushing (OR = 1.5), and toilet technology (OR = 1.1). Toilet cleanliness was strongly predicted by the presence of rainwater harvesting systems, handwashing stations, and active health clubs contributing about 50% of the factor of importance. The O&M processes were grouped into six domains: service planning, facility design standards, resource management, service provision, governance, and monitoring and evaluation. Stakeholders ranked service planning, facility design standards, and resource management as the most influential domains for sustaining O&M in schools. Risk based assessment further identified five indicators with the highest likelihood of undermining continuity of sanitation services that included lack of a material supply management system, consistently dirty toilets, absence of preventive maintenance schedules, non-implementation of sanitation budgets, and inadequate menstrual hygiene materials. The synthesis of domains and indicators produced a framework structured around four elements: enablers, service provision processes, O&M outcomes, and monitoring and evaluation. The DSS, which prioritises areas of intervention using status, likelihood, and severity of indicators, demonstrated high acceptability, feasibility and appropriateness with moderate usability. Integration of the decision support system into the Education Management Information System can present an opportunity to institutionalise O&M functions and strengthen accountability in Kampala City schools. This study provides a context specific and evidence-based framework for improving sanitation O&M in resource constrained urban school settings, and offers practical guidance for policymakers, school administrators, and regulators working toward universal basic sanitation.
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    Accessing the Sewer Infrastructure Susceptible to damage due to Flooding in Kampala Area
    (Makerere University, 2023-06-22) Namuli, Pauline
    Sustained periods of heavy rain can be more problematic than a few puddles, flooding is becoming an issue in several areas of Uganda. The changes in climate are causing increased storm surges and, as a result, an increase in the number of yearly floods. The amount of stormwater is also increasing in many geographical areas. These floods are gradually becoming a threat to the sewer infrastructure including sewer pipes and manholes. Sewer overflows are on the increase same applies to broken and damaged manholes and sewer pipes. This project embarked on determining the flood susceptible areas of Kampala area and after which determine the sewer infrastructure within these flood zones that is prone to damage due to flooding. The infrastructure at risk was obtained by multiplying the Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability Factors. The Multi-criteria analysis method used six parameters of Slope, Flow Accumulation, Geology, Elevation, Rainfall, and Land use/Land Cover to determine the flood susceptible areas of the Kampala area. This was considered the Hazard factor The Sewer infrastructure was then obtained and a density map showing its location concentration geographically generated after normalization, this becomes the Exposure factor. The Vulnerability of the sewer network was obtained by considering the pipe size and pipe material. The project found out that the sewer infrastructure that is at risk of damage is in the areas of - Makerere Kavule - Lugogo by-pass - Kyambogo- along Kyambogo road - Kibuli- along Albert cook road - Kibuye- along kayemba road The project recommended frequent de-silting of the stormwater and open drainages to reduce the vulnerability of the sewer infrastructure. Improvement of the attribute data of the sewer infrastructure to include age and condition will eventually lead to a better analysis of the sewer vulnerability for future studies.
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    Activated carbon from cassava peels for removal of active pharmaceutical ingredients from wastewater.
    (Makerere University, 2022-08) Kayiwa, Ronald
    Over the past decade, cassava production has been accelerated, ranking as the 5th most produced food crop at an estimated global production of 298.8 million metric tons by 2020 as per the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). With the 10-20% peel composition of the tuber weight, the implied cassava peel production ranges between 29.88 to 59.76 million metric tons. The main application of cassava peels is Papering animal feeds. However, this is limited due to the peels’ low protein content (<6%). Throughout the past decade, cassava peels have been valorized into activated carbons with qualities able to curb recalcitrant adsorbates like heavy metals, dyes, and arsenics. However, the application of cassava peel-based activated carbon in the adsorption of pharmaceuticals from wastewater has not been explicitly studied. This study aimed at modifying the valorization processes of cassava peels into activated carbon capable of removing active pharmaceutical ingredients from wastewater. This involved, (i) characterization of peels of six predominant cassava varieties (NAROCAS 1, NAROCAS 2, NASE 1, NASE 3, NASE 14, and NASE 19) grown in Uganda for production of activated carbon (ii) optimization of activated carbon production conditions from the most viable peel variety, (iii) characterization of the wastewater from effluents of pharmaceutical manufacturing plants (PMPs) and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Kampala for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and (iv) determination of the performance of the produced activated carbon towards the removal of active pharmaceutical ingredients from wastewater. All the six cassava peel varieties were potential activated carbon AC precursors with ash contents as low as <5% dry basis and fixed carbon of 13.78–15.34%. NAROCAS 1 cassava peel variety was the most suitable due to its lowest ash content (1.93%), high elemental carbon content (59.40%), balanced volatile matter (81.93%), and fixed carbon content (13.78%). Pre-leaching of the peels using 1– 4% NaOH revealed a more remarkable effect on the increase of volatile matter and fixed carbon (1.00% and 3.56% respectively) than ash content reduction (0.51%). The optimal process conditions for the production of physically activated carbon were found to be a temperature of 782 °C and a heating time of 148 mins resulting in a specific surface area of 756.42 m2g-1, and a yield of 4.57%. The best chemically activated carbon resulted from a 4.0%w/v NaOH pre-leaching at 50 °C and a 5:2 KOH: peel ratio of 5:2 (mass basis) activation at 60 °C for 3 hours. This was followed by carbonization at 780 °C for 2 hours resulting in a 42% yield, total pore volume of 0.756 cm3g-1, and the highest ever reported specific surface area for cassava peel activated carbon (CPAC) of 1684 m2g-1. The concentration ranges of the selected APIs targeted in this study were
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    Adaptation of the smart methodology to value management of the Uganda School Facilities Grant programme
    (Makerere University, 2010-10) Kivumbi, A.D.
    In any construction project, the aim of the developer is to maximize profit at minimum cost within the context of the quality possible as per the required specifications. Therefore, loss of resources should be minimized as much as possible, especially in such a crucial project as the School Facilities Grant (SFG) project, so that there is perceived cost-effectiveness. This dissertation considers the adaptation of the Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) methodology, which is easy and useful for varied decision makers, to Value Management (VM) of the Uganda SFG primary school classroom construction programme in Mukono and Kampala districts. Application of SMART involves interacting with various stakeholders and then holding a key stakeholder workshop through which a shared understanding of the issues under consideration can be reached. This understanding is translated into an information pack developed for use in the workshop. A Value Tree is used as the tool for consideration of opinions by the stakeholders. The allocation of importance weights to the lower – order attributes of the tree provides a rational basis for determining the best-valued Design Option. Each Option is assessed against each of the identified attributes in the evaluation, the assessment being performed by a process of scoring the n Option against each attribute. A Standard Analysis Form is used and the ratio of Aggregated Utility Rating to Estimated Capital Cost, U / C of the ith Design Option calculated, with the highest value of U /C providing the rational choice. The testing of the sensitivity of the outcome of the rating process to marginal changes in the key variables, or Sensitivity Analysis, is then carried out. This was applied to Value Management of the SFG school construction in the two mentioned districts. A brainstorming session was later held to generate a variety of ideas that would also enable the evaluation of the practicality of the identified Option. The SMART methodology was found to be applicable to the SFG programme with the stakeholders being easily comfortable with the common understanding reached. They were also able to make some rational decisions/evaluations of the SFG Design Options. A new policy could be formulated for the programme and the model that has been obtained could be adapted for use for other projects.
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    Adoption of labour-based approaches in construction of low-cost seal roads: experience from Ajena Road in Soroti City
    (Makerere University, 2024-07) Oranit, Samuel
    This study examines the implementation of low-cost sealed road infrastructure through labour-based techniques in Soroti City, focusing on Ajena Road. Soroti City adopted Low-Cost Seal (LCS) Technology to address gravel road maintenance costs and resource depletion issues. The research analyzes challenges, assesses social benefits, evaluates environmental impact, and measures project cost, time, and quality impacts using Excel, SPSS, Likert scale, and descriptive statistics. Key findings reveal challenges such as inadequate funds for utility relocation and incomplete drainage works due to underestimated quantities in Bills of Quantities. Despite interruptions from rain, the project concluded a month ahead without cost overruns, meeting specifications. Recommendations include including utility relocation costs in future Bills of Quantities, allocating ample resources for drainage works, engaging communities throughout project phases, planning projects for dry seasons, and organizing training for local communities on low-cost sealing techniques. These measures aim to improve project planning, sustainability, and community involvement in urban infrastructure development.
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    An Advanced protection scheme to avert blackouts due to transmission network overload.
    ( 2018-08-24) Rwendeire, Andrew
    The transmission and distribution networks suffer various overloads which have reduced power availability and utility income generation. Some networks employ frequency monitoring with Under Frequency Load Shedding to ensure system stability. However, other conditions that threaten power system stability like the loss of a tie line, overload trip of power transformers, distribution and transmission lines need to be monitored and prevented by implementing protection schemes which automatically shed off the extra load. This will not only improve reliability and continuity of service but also fast decision making to reduce the blackout zone and downtime. This paper presents a load management scheme that performs automatic load shedding and feeder restoration by strictly following the set threshold values using PCM600, an ABB tool. The logic configuration from PCM600 was validated and the Generic Object Oriented Substation Events (GOOSE) report published. The Configured IED Description (CID) file from each IED (in PCM600) was saved in Substation Configuration Language (SCL) format and imported into IEDScout to simulate the IEC61850 communication. The developed model was applied to a case study on the Ugandan transmission network to achieve a 500ms GOOSE messaging sequence on the station bus. IEDScout demonstrated a station-bus traffic data flow rate of 2 kbps responsible for CB commands and status update. The traffic on the Ethernet cable was captured and analyzed using WireShark, a graphic user interface network protocol, two data packets were sent every second through the Ethernet cable and 464 k bytes of data packets were sent as messages on the station bus during the simulation. The model was tested and was able to send a CB open command with in 2ms of overload threshold violation and when the transformer load was reduced, CB close command for load re-connection was sent with in 2ms. A cost benefit ratio of 1.647 was obtained. This model caters for very rare, non-continuous but possible and very catastrophic occurrences on the power system. Therefore, this paper provides an efficient solution to transmission line and transformer overload by automating downstream load-shedding and load restoration.
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    Advancing safety and sustainability through occupational safety, health, and environment integration in Uganda’s cement manufacturing industry
    (Makerere University, 2026) Ssemuddu, Jeffy Briton
    Cement manufacturing poses significant risks due to inadequate Occupational Safety, Health, and Environment (OSHE) performance, a challenge that remains insufficiently examined despite the industry’s rapid expansion. This study, therefore, aimed to evaluate OSHE management practices, assess workplace risks, analyze the integration of safety management, and the mediating effect of production pressure on safety performance across two major cement plants. A mixed methods approach was employed. For objective (i), perception surveys involving 233 participants in Plant A and 186 in Plant B were analyzed using SPSS 2020, while hazard checklists and site inspections engaged over 400 respondents. Risk assessment tools, including a 6×6 risk assessment matrix and risk modeling algorithms such as Artificial Neural Fuzzy Interface Systems (ANFIS), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using AMOS, were applied to strengthen analysis and prediction. The results revealed that an OSHE budget was critical in Plant A, whereas OSHE policy and specialized training were essential in Plant B (p < 0.05). In both plants, worker involvement and hazard awareness were key drivers of safety management, highlighting the need for rewards, recognition, education, training, and accountability programs. Hazard assessments identified confined spaces, unsafe behaviors, and mechanical and electrical hazards as major threats, with baseline risk ratings exceeding 30/36. ANFIS models predicted escalation under production pressure and during irregular shifts, underscoring the need for dynamic risk assessment, predictive tools, and advanced Personal Protective Equipment. Further analysis demonstrated a strong positive correlation between safety integration and safety performance, with Labor Safety Accountability (LSA) and Management Safety Accountability (MSA) exerting the most significant influence (p < 0.001). Contractor Safety Management (CSM) and Safety-Based Labor Management (SBLM) also made substantial contributions. However, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) revealed that production pressure manifested through Production Pressure Intensity, Disruptions in Safety Protocols, and Normalization of Unsafe Practices, negatively mediated the safety integration-performance relationship, with Production Pressure Intensity (p = 0.014) and Disruptions in Safety Protocols (p = 0.026) significantly reducing safety outcomes. Overall, the study confirms that safety integration enhances safety performance, but its benefits are undermined by production pressure. These findings underscore the need for proactive, data-driven OSHE strategies to improve worker safety in Uganda’s cement industry.