College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology (CEDAT)

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Browsing College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology (CEDAT) by Title

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    A comparative analysis of conventional RCC slabs and Composite Steel Deck Slabs during the construction phase.
    (Makerere University, 2025-12-09) Muzamil, Sande
    Concrete and steel are by far the most popular when it comes to construction materials in Uganda and the world at large, particularly for projects of medium and low height. In the past decades, Concrete has been used as the main composite material for build construction but recently we have witnessed an overwhelming adoption of Structural steel being used for the construction of tall buildings. This has mainly been attributed to the need to optimize costs and fast & timely delivery of project time lines which have been and are still the major challenges to construction projects This study presents a comparative analysis of Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) slabs and Structural Steel Decked (SSD) slabs, with a particular focus on their cost and time efficiency during the construction phase. Using the proposed Kabira Country Club Hotel extension project as a case study, the research evaluates material and labour costs, construction durations, and key structural characteristics of each slab system. Data was collected through site observations, construction records, and project documents, and analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings indicate that SSD slabs offer notable advantages over RCC slabs, including a 20.3% reduction in total construction cost and a 43.75% decrease in construction time. Additionally, SSD systems simplify labour requirements by eliminating traditional formwork and reducing reinforcement needs. The study concludes that SSD slabs are a more efficient alternative for modern construction projects where time and cost are critical considerations. Recommendations are made for broader adoption of SSD systems, further training for construction professionals, and additional research into long-term performance and sustainability factors.
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    A computerized maintenance management system for real-time monitoring of medical equipment under the Ministry of Health, Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2025) Ssebuliba, Kato Hussein
    The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the critical importance of efficient healthcare service delivery, particularly in resource-constrained settings like Uganda. Amid the surge in demand for healthcare services, the Ministry of Health faced significant challenges in managing medical equipment due to the lack of a centralized system for tracking equipment status and performance. The reliance on outdated, paper-based systems exacerbated delays, inefficiencies, and poor resource allocation, underscoring the urgency for a more robust solution. This research addressed this gap by developing a computerized maintenance management system (CMMS) tailored to the needs of Uganda’s healthcare system, focusing on real-time monitoring and management of forty (40) Digital X-ray machines across public health facilities. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining stakeholder consultations, system requirement gathering, and iterative system design. Quantitative data was collected through system performance tests in different network environments, while qualitative insights were obtained from focus group discussions with hospital administrators, radiographers, and biomedical engineers. The CMMS was designed to integrate Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication for real-time data acquisition, alert management, and maintenance scheduling. The system was evaluated for usability, functionality, and effectiveness in tracking equipment status and downtime. Key findings indicate that the CMMS significantly reduced equipment downtime by facilitating prompt fault reporting and maintenance interventions. Data transmission delays were minimal in urban settings (2-5 seconds), although rural facilities experienced longer delays (up to 50 seconds) due to network limitations. User feedback provided the system’s intuitive dashboard and enhanced decision-making capabilities. Overall, the CMMS demonstrated the potential to streamline maintenance operations and strengthen healthcare service delivery.
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    A Land Tenure Arrangement for Refugees on Customary Land.
    (Makerere University, 2025-12-08) Nagujja, Sophia
    Countries addressing the global refugee crisis are increasingly shifting toward integrating refugees within national systems by granting them access to community land held customarily. Uganda is lauded for its refugee policy that allocates free land to refugees, with the Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) negotiating with landowners to voluntarily settle them. Although this process is intended to be formalized through Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs), implementation frequently falls short, resulting in inadequate representation of the rights, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRR) of all parties and the spatial units involved. These gaps pose tenure security risks for both host communities and refugees. This challenge motivated the central research question: What kind of tenure arrangement can safeguard the rights of customary landholders while ensuring secure access for refugees? The study examined the impact of existing customary land acquisition rules and procedures on tenure security and explored improved practices. It investigated the institutional framework and developed a conceptual model for a tenure arrangement that balances the security needs of both rights holders and refugees. The study followed a single-case design with embedded multiple cases and used mixed methods, including document review, semi-structured questionnaires, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and expert opinions. It also applied design thinking methodology and Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) specialization to develop the tenure arrangement. Findings revealed that current customary land acquisition practices significantly affect tenure security for both host communities and refugees, with more severe consequences for host communities due to deviations from the standard principles of Voluntary Land Donation (VLD). The study proposed more transparent, locally contextualized procedures that align with international VLD standards to minimize insecurity for both groups. It introduced new institutions mandated by local legal frameworks to manage communal land in collaboration with OPM, ensuring tenure security remains central. A tenure arrangement compliant with LADM that recognizes all social tenure rights for host communities and refugees was also developed. The study concluded that current acquisition practices compromise tenure security and presented a more transparent acquisition and institutional framework, along with a tenure arrangement that acknowledges all rights holders. It recommends strengthened, standardized land acquisition practices, formally recognized agreements by the relevant Ministries and OPM, and prioritizing the operationalization of land tenure arrangement for refugees
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    A model commercialization framework for technological innovations in Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2025-12-08) Jjagwe, Ronald
    Innovation commercialization drives economic growth, prosperity, and sustainable development in Uganda. The Government of Uganda (GOU) has invested significantly in research, innovation, and development. Despite these efforts, challenges persist in translating innovations into commercially viable products and services. Scientists, researchers, and innovators often lack a structured approach to effective commercialization, and the existing literature lacks an integrative framework. This study aimed to elucidate a comprehensive framework for innovation commercialization by integrating strategies and measures at the firm, market, and policy levels. The research identifies key barriers and drivers affecting innovation commercialization and proposes actionable solutions to enhance the process in Uganda. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, integrating both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. Data collection involved a review of key policy documents, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and consultative meetings with researchers, innovators, and technopreneurs. Additionally, direct observations of innovation and commercialization processes within technology-driven enterprises were conducted. Interviews were conducted with technopreneurs, researchers, innovators, incubation managers, industry stakeholders, and government officials to gather insights into the factors influencing innovation commercialization. The study assessed commercialization barriers and drivers at the firm, market, and policy levels, leading to the development of targeted strategies and measures. The findings underscore the critical role of the National Innovation System (NIS) in facilitating interaction and learning among key stakeholders in Uganda's innovation ecosystem. Challenges such as fragmented ecosystems, inadequate support infrastructure, and insufficient financial mechanisms hinder the efficiency of research and innovation institutions. The study introduces a model commercialization framework and identifies the key determinants of successful commercialization, including firm-level capabilities, market-driven product awareness, industry dynamics, and policy-related factors. The study emphasizes the need for support mechanisms and recommends policy reforms to foster a vibrant market for technological innovations in Uganda. A multifaceted approach is proposed, incorporating investments in research and development (R&D) infrastructure, market access initiatives, and regulatory enhancements. Addressing structural barriers such as weak institutional support, limited financial access, and a lack of coordination among innovation actors is essential to bridge the commercialization gap. Strengthening talent exchange programs, developing regional knowledge value chains, and prioritizing institutional reforms are key to improving commercialization efficiency. To enhance the commercialization of innovations in Uganda, it is recommended to strengthen the NIS to improve collaboration and knowledge sharing among key actors; establish sustainable financial mechanisms to support innovation commercialization; enhance regulatory frameworks to create an enabling policy environment; expand R&D infrastructure to facilitate technology development and market readiness; and promote strategic partnerships to enhance market access and commercialization opportunities.
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    A model for predicting transformer failure tendencies on 132 kilovolts power network in Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2025) Mutumba, Moses Nsereko
    Uganda’s 132 kV transmission network has experienced increasingly frequent and costly power transformer failures, often occurring without warning and leading to cascaded outages, extended downtime, and significant corrective maintenance expenses. The prevailing asset management framework remains largely reactive, lacking an effective condition-based monitoring and predictive maintenance strategy. This study was thus motivated by the need to develop a robust prediction tool capable of identifying transformers approaching critical degradation, minimizing unexpected failures, and guiding timely replacement decisions based on actual transformer health rather than age alone. To achieve this, the study set out to: (i) identify key operational parameters influencing 132 kV transformer failure, (ii) develop a predictive model for degradation under diverse stochastic and loading environments, (iii) validate the model’s accuracy, and (iv) derive a cost-effective replacement strategy. Using a quantitative research approach, historical condition-based monitoring data for 30 transformers across selected substations was collected over a 23-year period. A hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization–Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (PSO-ANFIS) model was developed to predict transformer degradation trends using key condition variables such as breakdown voltage (BDV), moisture content, acidity, interfacial tension (IFT), and dissolved gas analysis (DGA) parameters. Model performance was evaluated using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The PSO-ANFIS model consistently outperformed the traditional ANFIS across all parameters, with average improvements of 25–35% in accuracy. For BDV, the PSOANFIS achieved an RMSE of 1.75, MAE of 1.42, and MAPE of 5.4%, compared to ANFIS values of 2.35, 1.89, and 7.2%, respectively. Similar improvements were observed for other indicators—moisture (MAPE 4.7% vs. 6.8%), acidity (5.2% vs. 8.5%), and key DGA gases (average MAPE 5.5% vs. 8.4%). The results showed that the PSO-ANFIS model significantly improved prediction accuracy, enabling early identification of asymptomatic transformers and supporting a proactive, cost-efficient replacement strategy tailored to the Ugandan grid. The study’s findings present an important step toward modernizing transformer asset management using intelligent prediction models.
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    A Model for Predicting Transformer Failure Tendencies on 132 kilovolts Power Network in Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2025) Mutumba Moses Nsereko
    Uganda’s 132 kV transmission network has experienced increasingly frequent and costly power transformer failures, often occurring without warning and leading to cascaded outages, extended downtime, and significant corrective maintenance expenses. The prevailing asset management framework remains largely reactive, lacking an effective condition-based monitoring and predictive maintenance strategy. This study was thus motivated by the need to develop a robust prediction tool capable of identifying transformers approaching critical degradation, minimizing unexpected failures, and guiding timely replacement decisions based on actual transformer health rather than age alone. To achieve this, the study set out to: (i) identify key operational parameters influencing 132 kV transformer failure, (ii) develop a predictive model for degradation under diverse stochastic and loading environments, (iii) validate the model’s accuracy, and (iv) derive a cost-effective replacement strategy. Using a quantitative research approach, historical condition-based monitoring data for 30 transformers across selected substations was collected over a 23-year period. A hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization– Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (PSO-ANFIS) model was developed to predict transformer degradation trends using key condition variables such as breakdown voltage (BDV), moisture content, acidity, interfacial tension (IFT), and dissolved gas analysis (DGA) parameters. Model performance was evaluated using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The PSO-ANFIS model consistently outperformed the traditional ANFIS across all parameters, with average improvements of 25–35% in accuracy. For BDV, the PSOANFIS achieved an RMSE of 1.75, MAE of 1.42, and MAPE of 5.4%, compared to ANFIS values of 2.35, 1.89, and 7.2%, respectively. Similar improvements were observed for other indicators—moisture (MAPE 4.7% vs. 6.8%), acidity (5.2% vs. 8.5%), and key DGA gases (average MAPE 5.5% vs. 8.4%). The results showed that the PSO-ANFIS model significantly improved prediction accuracy, enabling early identification of asymptomatic transformers and supporting a proactive, cost-efficient replacement strategy tailored to the Ugandan grid. The study’s findings present an important step toward modernizing transformer asset management using intelligent prediction models. xii
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    A report on the construction of Dormitory, one unit- three classroom block and other facilities at Kisozi Seed Secondary School – Gomba District
    (Makerere University, 2025) Mbulalina, David
    The construction of a dormitory, one unit three classroom blocks and other facilities is aimed at providing more accommodation and reducing the number of students to classroom ratio at Kisozi Seed Secondary School. Other expected outcomes are improved access to inclusive and quality education services for the surrounding communities in Gomba District, expand and equip capacity of infrastructure. The project included the following details; project name, purpose of the project, main objective of the project, the stakeholders involved, cost and estimated project duration. Management challenged identified and discussed such as employment of the non-skilled youth from the surrounding communities at the project, environmental and social safeguards, noise interferences during learning sessions. Management decisions taken, discussed and lessons learnt. Finally, conclusion drawn and appropriate recommendations made from management issues discussed. Rhen relevant document such as working drawings, BOQs, and photographs taken site to show progress.
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    A review of the Housing resettlement of the Maasai from Ngorongoro to Msomera-Handeni-Tanga.
    (Makerere University, 2025-12-04) Kivuyo, Moses L.
    This research reviewed the process of housing provisions during the resettlement of the Maasai from Ngorongoro to Msomera-Tanga. Despite housing being crucial for human sustainability, it poses significant challenges for the Maasai community in Tanzania during the resettlement from one area to another. Current housing policies and programs fail to effectively address the socio-cultural aspects of sustainability and often overlook the community's unique needs. These initiatives focus on the quantity of housing units delivered rather than the broader system, neglecting the socio-cultural aspirations of beneficiaries and resulting in cultural disconnection and social fragmentation. The research adopted a mixed-methods approach, incorporating in-depth interviews, participatory observation, focus group discussions, site surveys, and document reviews to explore housing challenges. It also utilized ArcGIS Pro software to analyse land use patterns from 2013 to 2023, identifying changes in vegetation, water features, and bare land that may impact the pastoral lifestyle. While many studies have explored housing delivery challenges based on specific community needs, these challenges differ significantly across contexts. This research aimed to address this gap by providing an overview of housing provisions and the obstacles to sustainable housing in MsomeraTanga. Findings indicate that the despite the concerted efforts provided by the government and Maasai adaptation to new environment, the relocation still pose challenges in terms of their cultural values which results in disruption of cultural identity. This research holds practical significance for policymakers, implementers, and researchers focused on achieving successful and sustainable resettlement out-comes. The research recommends the use of participatory design approach as it actively involves the Maasai community in the design process, ensuring that housing solutions reflect their voices, cultural values, and specific needs, ultimately enhancing their well-being and cultural identity.
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    Accessing the Sewer Infrastructure Susceptible to damage due to Flooding in Kampala Area
    (Makerere University, 2023-06-22) Namuli, Pauline
    Sustained periods of heavy rain can be more problematic than a few puddles, flooding is becoming an issue in several areas of Uganda. The changes in climate are causing increased storm surges and, as a result, an increase in the number of yearly floods. The amount of stormwater is also increasing in many geographical areas. These floods are gradually becoming a threat to the sewer infrastructure including sewer pipes and manholes. Sewer overflows are on the increase same applies to broken and damaged manholes and sewer pipes. This project embarked on determining the flood susceptible areas of Kampala area and after which determine the sewer infrastructure within these flood zones that is prone to damage due to flooding. The infrastructure at risk was obtained by multiplying the Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability Factors. The Multi-criteria analysis method used six parameters of Slope, Flow Accumulation, Geology, Elevation, Rainfall, and Land use/Land Cover to determine the flood susceptible areas of the Kampala area. This was considered the Hazard factor The Sewer infrastructure was then obtained and a density map showing its location concentration geographically generated after normalization, this becomes the Exposure factor. The Vulnerability of the sewer network was obtained by considering the pipe size and pipe material. The project found out that the sewer infrastructure that is at risk of damage is in the areas of - Makerere Kavule - Lugogo by-pass - Kyambogo- along Kyambogo road - Kibuli- along Albert cook road - Kibuye- along kayemba road The project recommended frequent de-silting of the stormwater and open drainages to reduce the vulnerability of the sewer infrastructure. Improvement of the attribute data of the sewer infrastructure to include age and condition will eventually lead to a better analysis of the sewer vulnerability for future studies.
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    Activated carbon from cassava peels for removal of active pharmaceutical ingredients from wastewater.
    (Makerere University, 2022-08) Kayiwa, Ronald
    Over the past decade, cassava production has been accelerated, ranking as the 5th most produced food crop at an estimated global production of 298.8 million metric tons by 2020 as per the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). With the 10-20% peel composition of the tuber weight, the implied cassava peel production ranges between 29.88 to 59.76 million metric tons. The main application of cassava peels is Papering animal feeds. However, this is limited due to the peels’ low protein content (<6%). Throughout the past decade, cassava peels have been valorized into activated carbons with qualities able to curb recalcitrant adsorbates like heavy metals, dyes, and arsenics. However, the application of cassava peel-based activated carbon in the adsorption of pharmaceuticals from wastewater has not been explicitly studied. This study aimed at modifying the valorization processes of cassava peels into activated carbon capable of removing active pharmaceutical ingredients from wastewater. This involved, (i) characterization of peels of six predominant cassava varieties (NAROCAS 1, NAROCAS 2, NASE 1, NASE 3, NASE 14, and NASE 19) grown in Uganda for production of activated carbon (ii) optimization of activated carbon production conditions from the most viable peel variety, (iii) characterization of the wastewater from effluents of pharmaceutical manufacturing plants (PMPs) and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Kampala for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and (iv) determination of the performance of the produced activated carbon towards the removal of active pharmaceutical ingredients from wastewater. All the six cassava peel varieties were potential activated carbon AC precursors with ash contents as low as <5% dry basis and fixed carbon of 13.78–15.34%. NAROCAS 1 cassava peel variety was the most suitable due to its lowest ash content (1.93%), high elemental carbon content (59.40%), balanced volatile matter (81.93%), and fixed carbon content (13.78%). Pre-leaching of the peels using 1– 4% NaOH revealed a more remarkable effect on the increase of volatile matter and fixed carbon (1.00% and 3.56% respectively) than ash content reduction (0.51%). The optimal process conditions for the production of physically activated carbon were found to be a temperature of 782 °C and a heating time of 148 mins resulting in a specific surface area of 756.42 m2g-1, and a yield of 4.57%. The best chemically activated carbon resulted from a 4.0%w/v NaOH pre-leaching at 50 °C and a 5:2 KOH: peel ratio of 5:2 (mass basis) activation at 60 °C for 3 hours. This was followed by carbonization at 780 °C for 2 hours resulting in a 42% yield, total pore volume of 0.756 cm3g-1, and the highest ever reported specific surface area for cassava peel activated carbon (CPAC) of 1684 m2g-1. The concentration ranges of the selected APIs targeted in this study were
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    Adaptation of the smart methodology to value management of the Uganda School Facilities Grant programme
    (Makerere University, 2010-10) Kivumbi, A.D.
    In any construction project, the aim of the developer is to maximize profit at minimum cost within the context of the quality possible as per the required specifications. Therefore, loss of resources should be minimized as much as possible, especially in such a crucial project as the School Facilities Grant (SFG) project, so that there is perceived cost-effectiveness. This dissertation considers the adaptation of the Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) methodology, which is easy and useful for varied decision makers, to Value Management (VM) of the Uganda SFG primary school classroom construction programme in Mukono and Kampala districts. Application of SMART involves interacting with various stakeholders and then holding a key stakeholder workshop through which a shared understanding of the issues under consideration can be reached. This understanding is translated into an information pack developed for use in the workshop. A Value Tree is used as the tool for consideration of opinions by the stakeholders. The allocation of importance weights to the lower – order attributes of the tree provides a rational basis for determining the best-valued Design Option. Each Option is assessed against each of the identified attributes in the evaluation, the assessment being performed by a process of scoring the n Option against each attribute. A Standard Analysis Form is used and the ratio of Aggregated Utility Rating to Estimated Capital Cost, U / C of the ith Design Option calculated, with the highest value of U /C providing the rational choice. The testing of the sensitivity of the outcome of the rating process to marginal changes in the key variables, or Sensitivity Analysis, is then carried out. This was applied to Value Management of the SFG school construction in the two mentioned districts. A brainstorming session was later held to generate a variety of ideas that would also enable the evaluation of the practicality of the identified Option. The SMART methodology was found to be applicable to the SFG programme with the stakeholders being easily comfortable with the common understanding reached. They were also able to make some rational decisions/evaluations of the SFG Design Options. A new policy could be formulated for the programme and the model that has been obtained could be adapted for use for other projects.
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    Adoption of labour-based approaches in construction of low-cost seal roads: experience from Ajena Road in Soroti City
    (Makerere University, 2024-07) Oranit, Samuel
    This study examines the implementation of low-cost sealed road infrastructure through labour-based techniques in Soroti City, focusing on Ajena Road. Soroti City adopted Low-Cost Seal (LCS) Technology to address gravel road maintenance costs and resource depletion issues. The research analyzes challenges, assesses social benefits, evaluates environmental impact, and measures project cost, time, and quality impacts using Excel, SPSS, Likert scale, and descriptive statistics. Key findings reveal challenges such as inadequate funds for utility relocation and incomplete drainage works due to underestimated quantities in Bills of Quantities. Despite interruptions from rain, the project concluded a month ahead without cost overruns, meeting specifications. Recommendations include including utility relocation costs in future Bills of Quantities, allocating ample resources for drainage works, engaging communities throughout project phases, planning projects for dry seasons, and organizing training for local communities on low-cost sealing techniques. These measures aim to improve project planning, sustainability, and community involvement in urban infrastructure development.
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    An Advanced protection scheme to avert blackouts due to transmission network overload.
    ( 2018-08-24) Rwendeire, Andrew
    The transmission and distribution networks suffer various overloads which have reduced power availability and utility income generation. Some networks employ frequency monitoring with Under Frequency Load Shedding to ensure system stability. However, other conditions that threaten power system stability like the loss of a tie line, overload trip of power transformers, distribution and transmission lines need to be monitored and prevented by implementing protection schemes which automatically shed off the extra load. This will not only improve reliability and continuity of service but also fast decision making to reduce the blackout zone and downtime. This paper presents a load management scheme that performs automatic load shedding and feeder restoration by strictly following the set threshold values using PCM600, an ABB tool. The logic configuration from PCM600 was validated and the Generic Object Oriented Substation Events (GOOSE) report published. The Configured IED Description (CID) file from each IED (in PCM600) was saved in Substation Configuration Language (SCL) format and imported into IEDScout to simulate the IEC61850 communication. The developed model was applied to a case study on the Ugandan transmission network to achieve a 500ms GOOSE messaging sequence on the station bus. IEDScout demonstrated a station-bus traffic data flow rate of 2 kbps responsible for CB commands and status update. The traffic on the Ethernet cable was captured and analyzed using WireShark, a graphic user interface network protocol, two data packets were sent every second through the Ethernet cable and 464 k bytes of data packets were sent as messages on the station bus during the simulation. The model was tested and was able to send a CB open command with in 2ms of overload threshold violation and when the transformer load was reduced, CB close command for load re-connection was sent with in 2ms. A cost benefit ratio of 1.647 was obtained. This model caters for very rare, non-continuous but possible and very catastrophic occurrences on the power system. Therefore, this paper provides an efficient solution to transmission line and transformer overload by automating downstream load-shedding and load restoration.
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    Alwi dry corridor water supply project in Nyarwodo, Nebbi District
    (Makerere University, 2018) Nabbuma, Mariam
    This report is about the ALWI DRY CORRIDOR WATER SUPPLY PROJECT, in NYARWODO which was an initiative by The Ministry of Water and Environment to supply water to the people of Nebbi and ensure sanitation in the area. Chapter one mainly talks about the project itself thus, the contractors, who were Vambeco Ent Ltd, the consultants, Alliance Consultants Limited, the contract commencement, finish date, and the overall cost of the project. Chapter two follows with the project works, thus, construction of water treatment plant and all the activities involved like, concrete works, pipe work and the procedures and methodologies adapted at each stage to ensure quality. Chapter three gives a brief description of the project management issues, thus, cost, time and quality and how each was achieved on this project. Lastly the lessons learnt, recommendations and the conclusions come in the fourth chapter. In a nut shell the project had an efficient project management team, proper information flow, and communication, compliance to the contractual obligations by all the parties and thus there were limited cost overruns, good quality works and a few delays, therefore, for any project to be successful, it should have a good project manager.
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    An assessment of land use/land cover changes and their impact on the urban heat island effect dynamics : a case of Kampala City
    (Makerere University, 2025) Buule, Ibrah
    Urbanization in African cities poses significant environmental challenges, including Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects. The accumulation of anthropogenic heat in cities exacerbates this issue, posing serious health risks to the public. This study investigates the UHI trends associated with LULC changes at a local scale, residents’ heat perceptions, and coping strategies to guide planning interventions for improved UHI mitigation and adaptation. The study employed a mixed-method research design. Quantitatively, Kampala’s landscape was classified into homogenous LULC zones based on thermal properties. The UHI trends were analyzed using LST data from Landsat imagery for the years 2005, 2014, and 2023, while LULC changes were assessed through change detection analysis. The relationship between UHI and LULC was examined using the ANOVA tests, boxplots, and grid analyses. Furthermore, local perceptions and behavioral responses were assessed through face-to-face interviews using closed-ended questionnaires and key informant interviews. Findings revealed an expansion of UHI-affected areas from 58% of Kampala city’s landscape in 2005 to 72% in 2023, driven by the observed increase in built-up areas and a decline in natural cover. The built-up LULC zones were associated with the highest UHI values, while natural cover zones had the lowest. The increase in UHI was significantly correlated with urban expansion, densification, and vertical enhancement. Compact high/mid-rise, compact low-rise, lightweight low-rise, and large low-rise zones experienced the highest UHI effects. Nakivubo I, Nakulabye I, Kamwokya II, and the civic center were selected for the heat perception and behavioral response survey. Most respondents (82%) perceived urban heat as increasing and greatly impacting their daily lives, but lacked awareness of its causes. Coping strategies included staying hydrated (81%) and using electric fans/air conditioners (21%), alongside opening windows, wearing light clothes, frequent bathing, and shading. Challenges encountered included increased electricity and water bills, water scarcity in the informal settlements, exposure to water-borne diseases, and limited space for greening. Based on the LULC zone, heat perceptions, and expert recommendations, the study proposes planning strategies for enhanced UHI adaptation and mitigation. Short-term strategies include public awareness campaigns and planning for cooling centers, while long-term measures focus on urban greening, increasing city albedo, and innovative building designs. These findings provide insights for urban planners, policy makers, and public health officials to foster a more resilient and sustainable Kampala city.
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    An assessment of property rates as an alternative local revenue generation : a case study of Kawempe Division, Kampala City
    (Makerere University, 2025) Epieu, Emmanuel
    Kawempe Division lies right within the heart of Kampala City and yet revenue collections from property rates is always lagging below other divisions. Property rates has a very big potential of eccelerating revenue potential of the division. Its in the background of this that the auther set out to establish the magic potential of property rates as an alternative revenue generation source for Kawempe Divition.
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    An evaluation of time and cost overruns during the design and build of the Masindi (Kisanja) and the Tangi junction – Paara – Buliisa Road
    (Makerere University, 2025) Ausio, Jessica
    This report provides an assessment of the Masindi (Kisanja) – Park Junction and Tangi Junction – Paraa – Buliisa road project in Uganda, which was a design and build contract undertaken to expedite the delivery of critical oil infrastructure, yet it encountered significant time and cost management challenges. This study evaluates the extent of time and cost overruns during the project’s implementation and identifies their underlying causes. A case study approach was employed, analysing project records, contract documents, and progress reports to compare planned timelines and budgets against actual outcomes. The findings reveal that the project experienced substantial schedule slippage. The initial completion target of April 2021 had to be extended multiple times, with final completion not achieved until September 2024 – about three and a half years beyond schedule and the completion report submitted to UNRA on the 30th December 2024, thus more than doubling the planned duration. Several factors contributed to these delays, including exceptional rainfall events, the incorporation of additional works (such as Uganda Wildlife Authority and other access roads added mid-project), operational constraints from working within Murchison Falls National Park, and disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. On the cost front, the base contract price was largely maintained through allocated contingencies and formal variation orders for the extra scope, keeping the final contract sum close to the original value. However, significant inflationary pressures during the extended project period led to cost escalations that exceeded the contract’s price adjustment provisions, indicating an implicit cost overrun beyond the initial budget. Furthermore, the prolonged project timeline necessitated an extension of the design and supervision services beyond their initially contracted period. Overall, the evaluation highlights that even with a Design and Build procurement strategy intended to mitigate delays, unforeseen environmental, scope, and external factors can bring about major schedule extensions and associated cost implications in large-scale road projects.
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    An investigation into the impact of super plasticiser dosage on the compressive strength of cement concrete
    (Makerere University, 2025) Kato, Peter
    Polycarboxylate ether (PCE) has long been used as a superplasticiser (SP) in the production of high-strength concrete. However, new SP products are frequently released into the market with various compositions, leading to different dosage requirements and concrete properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of SP dosages of 0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4, 0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9, and 1 litre per 50kg of cement on concrete performance. The study assessed the material properties of cement concrete ingredients, created mix designs for 20MPa, 25MPa, and 30MPa, and produced 297 concrete cubes using varying superplasticiser dosages to investigate the impact of Master Glenium 3889 superplasticiser on concrete compressive strength. Using a plasticiser in the mix reduced the required quantity of cement, thereby reducing the overall cost of the constituent materials by an average of 8%. Laboratory experiments on fresh and hardened concrete properties were conducted and compared to a control normal concrete using the slump test and compressive strength. A thorough analysis was performed in MATLAB R2024a, using the best slump values and compressive strength without concrete defects as the criteria for determining the optimal dosage. The results showed that, with a constant water-cement ratio, increasing the SP dosage resulted in increased workability and compressive strength for the various concrete grades when compared to normal mixes. From the experimental results obtained, it has been found that the optimal SP dosages for G20, G25, and G30 were between 0.6 litres and 0.8 litres. This is because these dosages resulted in the highest attainable compressive strength while also providing the best workability. The results showed a significant improvement in the properties of concrete after using superplasticisers to achieve the highest compressive strength while maintaining high workability.
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    Analyses of spatio–temporal dynamics of wetland cover in Kampala
    ( 2021-05-05) Wanyama, Wilberforce
    Globally, wetland cover is declining due to the fragile nature of these ecosystems and unplanned land consumption practices. Kampala has undergone tremendous transformation in its landuse/landcover due to rapid urbanization. It has therefore become important for environmental planners to extract, detect, monitor and predict wetland cover changes. The objective of this research was to evaluate the spatio-temporal dynamics of wetlands in Kampala using GIS, RS techniques and Land change modeler between the years 1986 to 2016 so as to forward and encourage development interventions. To estimate the land cover change in Kampala, Landsat ETM ETM+ for 1986,1996,2006 and 2016 respectively were analyzed using ArcGIS10.0 and IDRISI Selva. After processing the imagery/land use/land cover, (LULC) images were classified, analyzed and used to predict the future wetland cover of 2040 using Land Change Modeller (LCM) of TerrSet software. The data for road network, and population data for Kampala, were used as ancillary data to run the modeller. The study adapted the Kappa index for assessing accuracy of the landuse/cover maps generated from the analysis to improve the accuracy of results. An accuracy level of 89.2% was achieved. The results reveal an overall significant increase in built-up area and other landuses at the expense of wetlands from 30.6% in 1986 to 6.1% in 2016. Wetlands lost 3,535 ha to built and woodlots 1,200 ha and a minor proportion to open water. Woodlots and built-up constituted more than half of the total area of Kampala with 4,523.3 ha (23.3%) and 12,117.1 ha (62.3%) respectively. The remaining portion of the area is covered by open water with 1,621.7 ha (8.3%). The study projects a further decline of wetland cover by 428 ha (or by 2.2%), built up covering 15,643.7 ha ( 80.4%) and woodlots with 1,759 ha (9.0%) in 2040 if steps are not instituted to control the rate of decline. These results provide new insights for predicting future changes of wetland vegetation influenced by the on-going threats from climate change and human activities, and form a foundation for sustainable wetland management in Kampala. The study further recommends more research on wetland valuation (including indirect and non-use values) in Kampala should be conducted. This may assist in assessing trade-offs between maintenance of intact wetland against its conversion into other uses.
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    Analysis of delayed payments to contractors in public construction projects: a case study of the construction of the Sembabule Community Justice Centre
    (Makerere University, 2024-05) Odong, Brian Francis
    In Uganda, delayed payments to contractors in public construction projects have been a common issue that affects the smooth execution and timely completion of such projects. This study analyzes these delayed payments to identify the factors contributing to the delayed payments and their effect on contractors in public construction projects using the construction of the Sembabule Community Justice Centre in Uganda as a case study. Through analyzing literature and project documents, the research identifies clients’ budget constraints, approval delays, delay in the valuation of work done, inaccuracies in contractors' claims, changes in policy of handling variations, and unforeseen circumstances like the COVID-19 pandemic as causes of delayed payments. These factors negatively affect the project timeline, and budget. The analysis also identifies the negative effects of delayed payments which include financial difficulties to the contractor, project delays, strained relationships with suppliers and workers, slow down and suspension of works, and loss of new opportunities. This research proposes remedies such as including contract provisions that allow contractors to receive extensions without penalty if payments are delayed, including contract provisions that specify the timeframe within which a project manager should approve the contractors’ submitted valuation of works done, contract flexibility to adapt to unforeseen circumstances with provisions for renegotiation of terms, and contractors providing all necessary accurate documentation for their claims. The findings of this research emphasize the importance of addressing delayed payments for effective public construction project management.