School of Women and Gender Studies (SWGS) Collections

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Accelerated education program provisions and teen mothers’ access to secondary education in Nakivale and Palorinya Refugee Settlements

(Makerere University, 2024-12) Piloya, Brenda

The study evaluated the influence of Accelerated Education Program (AEP) provisions on teen mothers' access to secondary education in Nakivale Refugee Settlement, Isingiro District and Palorinya Refugee Settlement, Obongi District. The specific objectives were to evaluate existing AEP provisions, examine the barriers affecting access to secondary education for teen mothers, and assess the influence of AEP provisions on teen mothers' educational outcomes, economic empowerment, and social and emotional well-being. Existing related literature put forward by different scholars and personalities on the effect of the Accelerated Education Program provisions on teen mothers’ access to secondary education was reviewed to highlight the deviations in the explanations and to find a research gap. Literature Sources included published articles, magazines, dissertations, e-books and journals. The study was guided by Intersectionality theory, considering the multiple dimensions of teen mothers’ lives, including gender, age, developmental stage, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, minority group status, and migration experience. The study employed a cross-sectional and a comparative research design, using a mixedmethods approach to collect data from 108 teen mothers and 09 AEP providers in Nakivale and Palorinya refugee settlements. The study used semi-structured interviews, selfadministered questionnaires, and 04 focus group discussions (FGDs) with 41 participants to collect data. The instruments were validated and reliability tested using Cronbach's Alpha, with a value of 0.729. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), with descriptive statistics and frequency distribution used to analyze demographic data. The study adhered to ethical considerations, ensuring anonymity, confidentiality, and informed consent from participants. The research aimed to evaluate the influence of Accelerated Education Program provisions on teen mothers' access to secondary education, exploring relationships between variables and gathering in-depth information on experiences, challenges, and perceptions over the same. The findings revealed significant relationships between AEP provisions and age bracket, marital status, and country of origin, highlighting the importance of tailoring AEP to meet diverse needs. AEP's effectiveness varied across districts, with favourable provisions in Obongi but not Isingiro. Economic conditions and childcare facilities were unfavourable in both districts. School level of joining AEP significantly influenced access to the program. The study recommends expanding AEP, ensuring adequate funding, and tailoring programs to address unique challenges faced by teen mothers, such as childcare and flexible scheduling while taking gender into consideration. Additionally, the study recommends providing childcare facilities and support, flexible scheduling and attendance options, targeted academic support and resources, economic empowerment and livelihood opportunities, and social & emotional support and counselling. By addressing these recommendations, AEPs can better support teen mothers in accessing secondary education and improving their overall wellbeing.
Access to and utilisation of maternal health care services: interrogating discrimination against women living with physical disabilities in Kawempe Division, Kampala

(Makerere University, 2023) Nyanjura, Doreen

The purpose of this study was to interrogate the multiple layers of discrimination against women living with physical disabilities in their access to and utilisation of maternal healthcare services in Kawempe Division, Kampala District, Uganda. My research reflects the need for advocating for gender equity and social justice in maternal health service delivery by identifying not only the obstacles that constrain women living with disabilities from accessing and utilising maternal health care, but also lists key recommendations necessary for policy reform. Overall, the study contributes towards conceptualising complex forms of discrimination, that is, the ways in which gender, sexuality and disability intersect to influence discrimination against women as guided by the theory of intersectionality. The study employed a qualitative case study research design as the most appropriate given it’s descriptive and explanatory nature, providing answers to “why” and “how” types of questions, and providing me with an opportunity of purposively collecting data using in-depth interviews, Key Informant Interviews and Focus Group Discussions. To this end, the results illustrate the experiences of women living with physical disabilities and how they cope against multiple forms of discrimination in their quest for access to and utilisation of maternal health service. In conclusion, my research findings propose structural and institutional recommendations that can inform policy makers and implementers of policy in Kawempe division.
Access to and utilization of sexual and reproductive health services: gendered experiences of persons with physical disabilities in urban Kampala

(Makerere University, 2012) Ahumuza, Eva Sharon

In Uganda, like in many developing countries, issues of Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights (SRHR) among Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) particularly those with physical disabilities have largely remained hidden. This study focused on the gendered sexual and reproductive health experiences of Persons with Physical Disabilities (PWPDs) in Urban Kampala. The study sought to examine the level of awareness of PWPDs’ SRHR, the influence of body image on PWPDs’ sexual experiences and their access and utilization of SRHR as well as assess the mechanisms available for protection and promotion of PWPDs’ SRHR in Urban Kampala. The study draws from qualitative and quantitative data collected through semi-structured interviews with 40 PWPDs (20 male and 20 female) and 10 Key informant interviews with health workers, counselors and leaders of PWPDs and employees of agencies involved in disability related interventions at national level and within Kampala. Study findings revealed high levels of awareness about SRHR among male and female PWPDs in particular their rights to: reproduce, access to justice in case of sexual abuse and to choose intimate sexual partners. In addition, majority of the respondents (93% of the male and 95% of the female respondents) knew that they had a right to access reproductive health care and information services especially services related to STI diagnosis and treatment, HIV/AIDS counseling and testing services, antenatal care services and family planning services. In all the services, females had more knowledge than the males. There was however limited knowledge about abortion services because the practice is illegal. The major source of information on SRH for PWPDs in urban Kampala for majority of females (96%) than males (80%) was the health facilities. Other sources of information on SRH mentioned included; meetings/associations (41% female and 41% male), workshops (40% male and 35% female), radio (40% male) and schools (15% male and 5% female). Overall, just half male and more than half female respondents mentioned that antenatal care, family planning, STI diagnosis and treatment and HIV/AIDS counseling and testing services were within easy reach. Fifty percent (50%) male and 35% female of the study respondents reported that the facilities were inaccessible. While more female than male respondents have ever attended health facilities for different services including antenatal care, STI and HIV counseling and testing services, a number of challenges were highlighted including negative attitude of health workers, long queues at health facilities, distant health facilities and high cost of services. On reproductive rights, study findings show that majority female PWPDs had control over their reproductive lives with regard to the timing, number of children and type of contraception. On the influence of body image, slightly more male than female respondents were negatively affected by their physical appearance with regard to initiation of sexual activity, choice of intimate partner and access to and utilization of health services. Throughout the study PWPDs expressed their struggles to deal with societal attitudes and expectations particularly the belief that PWPDs should be asexual. Consequently discrimination especially for the males at the health centers was reported to be a major concern. Largely, awareness of laws that promote and protect the SRH for PWPDs was generally low among male and female respondents although majority of the respondents were aware of at least one structure involved in the promotion and protection of SRH for PWPDs. Structures mentioned included police, probation and welfare office, Kampala office for PWDs, courts of laws, community leaders. Although there are these structures in place, majority of respondents testified that PWPDs do not access justice in cases of sexual abuse. This was attributed to negative attitude of service providers. Communities and service providers’ negative attitudes emerged as a key constraint to PWPDs’ realization of their sexual and reproductive health rights. Thus both community members and service providers including health workers, police officers and legal staff should be sensitized on the rights and needs of PWPDs so as the adequately support the PWPDs. Sensitization efforts should also target PWPDs themselves to build their self-esteem and confidence and instill in them positive attitudes towards themselves. Government and non-government organizations should increase their levels of assistance to PWPDs and their caregivers to address the practical barriers in access of reproductive health services.
Access to healthcare services: a case of refugees living in Kawempe, Kampala City

(Makerere University, 2023-01) Ddamulira, Dianah

Refugees constitute some of the most vulnerable population in the World. They may be bypassed by development because of discriminative policies, lack of identity, and weak administration systems. This study examined factors affecting access to healthcare services by refugees in Kawempe, Kampala City. The specific objectives were: to assess the status of access to healthcare services by refugees in Kawempe, Kampala City, to assess responses that facilitate access to healthcare services by refugees in Kawempe, Kampala City, to assess the effects of healthcare services on refugees in Kawempe, Kampala City. Exploratory case study design was used, involving mixed research approaches. Semi-structured questions were used to obtain participant experiences about healthcare in Kawempe in line with the study objectives. There were 18 refugee participants and 15 health workers who participated in the study. The statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) was used to precisely organise, analyse data and present standard tabulated descriptive results. Detailed explanations were given for the numerical representation of results. It was found that; Refugees: All refugees accessed healthcare services (100 percent). Healthcare services were relatively affordable (78 percent). Proximity levels were high (94 percent). The quality of healthcare services was high (89 percent). And most refugees went to private healthcare facilities (83 percent). Healthcare Practitioners: Most healthcare practitioners reported high access levels to healthcare services (87 percent). Most healthcare practitioners could not confirm proximity to healthcare facilities (60 percent). The healthcare services were generally affordable (73 percent). The quality of healthcare services provided was high (89 percent). Effective responses were done, involving offering client-centered services (56 percent) were greatest response reported by refugees, and institution of refugee-focused services (33 percent) that ensured refugee-friendliness in care Healthcare practitioners confirmed wellness among refugees (47 percent) while 61 percent of refugees were recovering fully. Refugees accessed healthcare freely in facilities of their choice and effective responses were done to ensure good health and recovery for the sick. In conclusion, refugees accessed all the care and services they needed from both private and public facilities, depending on extent of the case, income levels, and affordability to meet the costs of healthcare.
Access to microcredit by business women groups case study: Letshego Microfinance Uganda Limited, Kireka Branch

(Makerere University, 2024-06) Anek, Christine

Microfinance is a tool used by many financial institutions that come up with the idea to empower women and bring them out of poverty. Usually, many microfinances operate in communities, which are highly populated, with many women engaged in small businesses but without collateral to give as security to acquire loans in commercial banks. Therefore, micro financial institutions often target such women. The purpose of the study was to assess the factors affecting access to microcredit among businesswomen groups that bank with Letshego Microfinance Uganda Ltd. specifically the study set out: to establish the factors that determine access to microcredit among business women groups in Letshego Microfinance Uganda Ltd; to examine the challenges facing business women groups in accessing microcredit from Letshego Microfinance Uganda Ltd; and to suggest strategies for improving access to microcredit among business women groups in Letshego Microfinance Uganda Ltd. The research used a case study design and adopted the qualitative approach. Primary data was collected from focus groups discussion constituted of women who are the customers of Letshego and Key informants using in-depth interview guides. Key informant included women leaders, Loan officers, local councils, and Branch Manager. The findings revealed little effort in access to financial services by businesswomen. Women still face many obstacles to get access to these services such as hindrances from their husbands who stop them from joining women groups, and family responsibility which is a great burden to the women. Therefore, the study noted that there is more need to sensitize the household unit about the presence of microfinance and engage men about the benefits of microfinance.
Affirmative action for women’s political participation and gender transformation in Uganda

(Makerere Universirty, 2023-11) Mutuuzo, Peace Regis

This study set out to examine the effect of affirmative action for women’s political participation on change in gender transformation in Uganda. Specifically, the study examined the level of awareness of affirmative action policies for women’s political participation, analysed the perception on the effect of affirmative action to changes in gender relations and the status of women in both the political and local community. It also explored the structural barriers that limit women in achieving gender equality in politics. The study employed a mixed method research design using largely qualitative data collection approaches. A sample size of 400 respondents was drawn from four regions, each represented by one district with 100 respondents (that is: Mukono for the Central, Arua for the North, Kasese for the West and Jinja for the East). Structured interviews were supported by 2 FGDs from each district. Key Informants’ interviews were conducted, with 38 Members of Parliament, 80 District Councillors, and technocrats with knowledge on the subject matter were selected purposively for interviews. The second data collection method comprised of document reviews like journals, and policy documents and legal frameworks such as Parliamentary Hansards, Constitution, newspaper articles and Ministerial reports. The study established limited awareness by local community and politicians about the various affirmative action policies that promote women’s participation in politics. It was also established that the local community was willing to vote for a woman on the open seat, for as long as she measured and demonstrated the same political traits and capacity as men. It was also established that women’s political achievements are accepted as long as they did not lose their femininity determined by gender roles to challenge the male leadership position at family level and cultural or religious leaders. The study thus, concludes that while some patriarchal cultural norms have changed and women are accepted as leaders, social transformation is yet to occur with women leaders having to shoulder both their feminine and male gender roles. Arising from the stagnation in growth of numbers of women in politics, affirmative action in its current design will take long to deliver the transformation of gender relations needed to guarantee gender equality in society. The adopted quota design in Uganda does not meet nor mean equitable distribution of power and resources between men and women. I conclude that placement of women in the special interest group (in as much as it was a necessary compromise then) has now turned to be one way the policy sustains the perception of women as vulnerable. To eliminate the structural barriers that limit women from achieving gender equality in politics, the study recommends integration of gender equality in education curriculum at all levels and digital sensitization taking advantage of the young population in Uganda. The study recommends a review of quotas for women from 30% to equal representation of one man-one woman for every elective position in politics at all levels to accredit women as equal to men in their own rights.
Agency banking: a tool for economic empowerment of small and medium women entrepreneurs in Nakawa division, Kampala district

(Makerere University, 2020-11) Kabunga, Ronald

In Uganda, just as in many other developing countries, there are various inequalities that take the form of women traditionally not having access to education, capital, employment and owning land (USAID, 2015). These inequalities do not only make women more vulnerable to poverty, but also prohibit women’s participation in economic, social and political life (UNDP, 2014). The recognition of financial services is an integral part of women empowerment; however, traditional banks or other financial institutions have not been willing to provide basic financial services such as a saving or transaction accounts to the poor due to high transaction costs and too low margins (Todaro and Smith, 2011). Evidence shows (Kitaka 2001, Wainaina, 2011) shows that the operation of banking agents relieves the commercial banks from attending long queues at their branches and, therefore, increases the convenience of serving their customers at the same time creating employment opportunities for those willing to engage in agency banking business. This research therefore aimed at establishing the linkage between agency banking and empowerment of women entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises. This study adopted a survey method to collect the data and information from participants accessing and using agency banking services to make financial transactions. While the interview method was used to gain an understanding of women inclusion in small and medium entrepreneurship businesses in addition to exploring the challenges faced by women in the same business. The study revealed that all agency baking users find the services in the radius of two kilometres away from their place of operations with female participants finding these services in closer proximity compared to menthe male counterparts. The findings also revealed that agent banking gives an opportunity to women to control their financial transaction which ultimately leads to increased income through increased entrepreneurial activities. The study revealed network-related challenges and lack of liquidity/float as the major challenge experienced in operating and using agency banking businesses and the effect is far reaching to women who frequently utilize agency banking services more than men but also have limited mobility based on the social cultural factors. The other challenges included non-compliance of clients to the transaction requirements, bureaucratic processes of loading float (e-cash) from the line banks, inconsistencies in transactions, ignorance and arrogance of some customers, competition from other financial institutions that provide similar services (e.g. Mobile money), exposure to security risks as well as increased fraudsters circulating counterfeits. All these greatly limit many women from accessing.
Assessing the effects of gender-based violence on economic status of women and men in households : a case study of Ibanda District

(Makerere University, 2020-02) Kakure, Wilber

The study on “Gender-Based Violence and Women's and men's Economic status was carried out in Ishongororo Town Council Ibanda District". The overall objective of the study was to assess the effects of gender-based violence on the economic status of men and women in households of the area. The study was conducted in the two wards of the Town Council with a total of 30 respondents who were drawn from the entire Town Council. Data was collected by interviewing respondents; household heads, LC leaders, NGOs, and church, and conducting Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with local communities. Simple random sampling was used to select respondents from the Town Council, extracting the same number of respondents from every ward of the Town Council. Data was analyzed qualitatively, interpreting by critically analyzing situations, mainly explaining the phenomenon according to the responses of the respondents. Findings indicate both respondents were women and men who were involved in various activities which included agriculture and other activities like operating retail shops, pottery, knitting, weaving baskets, mats and bags, and civil servants. Main crops grown in the area included maize, bananas, and beans. Families in the area were experiencing GBV and most prominent and financially stable families were prone to this kind of violence. The argument behind this was the economic status of women who wanted to own and control their own finances especially, have the freedom to do all they deemed good to them much as this would contravene their relations with their husbands and the entire family. Violence in this area included Sexual GBV, property or economic violence, physical violence, and psychological violence. It was evident that this violence impacted negatively on men but mostly women and children to attain economic empowerment to the extent of even causing disabilities, living independent life that was expensive and led to reduced incomes of women and men. The government's response to GBV was also critically assessed as well as mitigating the problem at community level. Setbacks were also explored to reinstate the situation. The study thus recommended that there is a need to make comprehensive policies and incorporate couples in the formulation of policies since they affect both partners. There is also a need to strengthen institutions and empower men and women and ensure security of the victims after solving their cases so that violence doesn't re-occur.
Assessing the influence of gender relations on agro- enterprise mixes among house holds reached by NARO funded project

(Makerere University, 2022-10-20) Nabuuma, Mary

This study set out to assess the influence of gender relations on Agro Enterprise Mixes (AEMs). The AEMs refer to agricultural farming practices where a farmer engages in more than one agriculture enterprise on the same farm. A number of households reached by projects funded by NARO were encouraged to take on Agro Enterprise Mixes so as to enhance productivity and profitability. The study assessed how gender relations seen through levels of access to, control over resources and decision making between men and women in participating households, influenced productivity and profitability. The study also explored perceptions on gender relations among farmers practicing Agro Enterprise Mixes. A cross sectional study design was adopted because it allows for the collection of data on a number of variables at the same time. Both qualitative (through the use of key informant interviews, focus group discussions, documentary analysis and observation) and quantitative data (through the use of a survey) were collected. Quantitative data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS), while the qualitative data was thematically analysed. This was a multisite study therefore participants were selected from five districts of Masaka, Mpigi, Wakiso, Butambala and Mukono. In each district 30 Agro Enterprise Mixes from two sub counties working with NARO projects were randomly selected for the survey. The key findings indicate that majority (70.2%) of the mixed enterprise ownership were male. Personal land ownership was 51% and Kibanja (tenants) holders were 34.3 %. Considering size of farm holding, few women had more than 4 acres of land. Women worked as co-owners with their husbands. Findings further show that male AEM farmers were assisted by their wives and elder children. In conclusions, farmers chose to practice Agro Enterprise Mixes deliberately hoping for higher benefits such as improved income, gained from increased productivity. Improved gender relations seen from joint decision making, equitable access to and control over resources influenced selection of mixes. By men and women working together in decision making improve AEM productivity and profitability. A confirmation that effective participation of both the men and women in household decisions is vital if increased productivity and profitability is to be realised. It was recommended that in order to achieve high returns in NARO funded projects, the planning, design and implementation of the Agro Enterprise Mixes among household should promote gender equality and inclusive decision making. This will ensure that both men and women participate in making important decisions that inform selection choices, access to and use of resources. which in turn influence productivity and profitability.
Assessing the socio-economic status of child mothers and their children in Entebbe Municipality

(Makerere University, 2017-01) Mbabazi, Ruth

Available literature indicates that majority of the men who father children with teenage mothers tend to be a few years older than their teenage partners, although a minority may be significantly older (Bunting and McAuley, 2004). Like teenage mothers, young fathers tend to be from low socio-economic backgrounds, with lower educational attainment and fewer employment opportunities than their childless peers. Similarly they tend to experience greater psychological and emotional difficulties. These young fathers are involved in a variety of relationships with teenage mothers, few of which result in marriage and many of which result in the breakdown of cohabitation or the termination of the relationship. The older men on the other hand find it shameful to be involved in a relationship with a child. This pattern of increasing relationship breakdown over time is related to decreasing paternal support of, and contact with children and partners (Bunting and McAuley, 2004, Hobbs and Stoops, 2002). Often, fear of imprisonment, shame, commitment elsewhere, conflictual relationships with teenage mothers and lack of financial resources are cited by fathers as barriers to their continued involvement and contact with their children and partners. However, the mothers usually cite paternal disinterest as the reason for lack of paternal involvement and there is indication that mothers and fathers have different views on the level of practical involvement expected from fathers. Resultantly, the children and their mothers suffer from a wide range of socio-economic difficulties that quite often leave them leading an inadequate standard of living, comprised of deprivation of some basic needs, with various emotional and social problems.
An assessment of male and female contribution to household livelihood through crop production in Hoima City

(Makerere University, 2022-02) Nafuna, Susan Wandega

This dissertation was prepared following a study on; assessment of the male and female roles in crop production in enhancing household livelihood. In specific terms, the study aimed at creating a broad understanding on; the differences in male and female roles in crop production, how the male and female crop production roles complement each other in enhancing household livelihood and above all examining the challenges and solution women and men face in crop production in enhancing household livelihood. To achieve this, mixed methods approach was used. The Descriptive survey design was utilized. Household heads or representatives constituted the target population. The study employed probability techniques to obtain the samples for study. Systematic random sampling was a useful blend of randomization and categorization, which enabled both quantitative and qualitative process of research to be undertaken. Questionnaires, interviews and documentation analysis were used as research instruments. Data was analysed using descriptive statistical techniques. Data was presented by use of frequency tables, charts and graphs. This was done using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) computer program. There was no a clear dissect between the male and female roles. Reflecting on the different roles played by male and female, the study reveals that the female mainly contributes labour while on the other hand the study places the male majorly in funding crop production activities and provision of farm inputs like seeds. The study shows satisfaction of farmers on the way male and females complemented each other in their roles in crop production. In view of men and women complementing each other in crop production, the study shows satisfaction on the way male and females complemented each other in their roles in crop production in enhancing household livelihood. The study therefore established that farmers complementing each other in their role led to increased crop yields and this is also key in enhancing house hold livelihood. Further, the study reveals a range of challenges faced by both male and female farmers in crop production. Majorly, both male and female faces challenges of pests and diseases, unfavourable climatic changes, limited land and funds to facilitate farm activities as well as lack of proper farm inputs like fertilizer, seeds among others which in the end affect their yield. On the other hand, the study was able to establish that truly the challenges both male and female farmers in crop production are easy to address and can be solved. The study therefore mainly placed much of the trust in extending extension services to farmers and organizing them into groups for easy coordination and support among others. The study pointed at enhancement of women and youth capacities in the adoption and use of new and appropriate agricultural techniques in addition to providing timely farm inputs and extension services.
Attitudes, perception and beliefs towards child marriage: a case study [of] Jinja City-Southern Division

(Makerere University, 2022-05-30) Musasizi, Irene Kaboggoza

Child marriage is a global problem affecting millions of girls across the world. It is considered a human rights violation because it deprives those involved of education and health services, the chance to learn skills and develop their personalities and leaves them vulnerable. It is an appalling violation of human rights and robs girls of their education, health and long-term prospects, says Babatunde Osotimehin, M.D. Executive Direct, UNFPA. Despite the physical damage and the persistent discrimination to young girls, little progress has been made towards ending the practice of child marriage. This is commonly caused by increasing levels of poverty, low levels of education backed by cultural and traditional beliefs of securing the lives of girls in marriage. In fact, the problem threatens to increase with the expanding youth population in developing world. The report puts together findings and recommendations from different research about child, early and forced marriage in Uganda to guide and encourage policy makers, programme designers and implementers of the processes of mitigating the vice.
Causes and effects of gender based violence on women at household level: A case of Masuliita Sub-county

(Makerere University, 2014-04) Namwese, Ruth

This study assessed the causes and effects of Gender Based Violence on women at household level in Masuliita Sub County. This was achieved by examining the major causes, effects and coping mechanisms of women experiencing gender based violence. An exploratory study design was adopted where both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods were applied and a total of 110 women (wives) were subjected to questionnaires and focus group discussion (70 for questionnaires and 40 for 4 Focus group discussions) , 40 men (Husbands) for 4 focus group discussions and 5 Key Informants that comprised of :Community Development Officer, Local Council leaders and Officer–in-Charge, Masuliita Police Post, for interviews, were involved in the study. Data analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) and the thematic content analysis method for quantitative and qualitative data respectively. Results indicated and it was concluded that the causes of Gender Based Violence against women were social cultural, economic and civic in nature. However, cultural beliefs among husbands were cited as dominant causes of Gender Based Violence against women. The cases of gender-based violence against women at household that affected them physically and psychologically were more social, and economic in nature. Physical effects included loss of lives. Owing to that victims of GBV adopted several coping mechanisms. However, many women do not disclose Gender based violence cases not until they get physically injured and report the cases to police or local council authorities for help. It was recommended that the Police and the Local Councils should put facilities in place to help women experiencing Gender Based Violence in the communities. Such facilities should include; counseling centers, funds that will help victims get rehabilitated, and Government should invest in institutions like Police and the judiciary so that victims are assisted.. The community should also establish community social structures such as community groups of both men and women provide a sensitization platform for people to share experiences related GBV and remedies so as to solicit support from fellow community members.
Changing masculinities among Congolese male refugees living in urban Uganda: a case of Nsambya, Kampala

(Makerere University, 2023-01-25) Bahati, Ibrahim

This positionality of men and masculinities in conflict and displacement interventions praxis continues to emerge from assumptions that male refugees are seen as overly hegemonic masculine beings who must be enlisted into the good men factory in creating a better society. Emerging from that, this study sought to examine how Congolese refugees’ masculinities have been evolving in urban spaces of Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda. Through a qualitative case study design, the study conducted in-depth and group interviews with 28 participants (including Congolese refugee men, women, and experts) to explore how Congolese masculinities have changed in terms of male gender roles, constructs of manhood, type of jobs they pursue and how these impact on their masculine identities. Through the theoretical framework of hegemonic masculinity, the study findings highlight that not all Congolese men continue to embody ideals of dominance but rather are becoming negotiating partners to ensure the survival of their households. Economic pressures of urban Nsambya have left many men straddling between collapsing and failed masculinities, in a space where women are now household providers. The study also found that refugee social services engage in a practice of gender sorting, leaving out Congolese refugee men’s needs for neither being urgent nor critical as equally as those of refugee women. The author, therefore, argues that the practice of gender sorting needs to change if we are to improve gender relations within refugee communities worldwide.
Child sexual abuse and situational context : children’s experiences in Post-Conflict Northern Uganda

(Taylor & Francis, 2019-08-15) Nyangoma, Anicent ; Ebila, Florence ; Omona, Julius

Although substantial literature exists on child sexual abuse (CSA), little is known about abuses children encounter in northern Uganda, a post-conflict area. Media reports have indicated a high incidence for CSA. The study, firstly, explored boys’ and girls’ experiences of sexual abuse by adults in this post-conflict region and secondly, interventions directed at improving the current situation of children at risk of child abuse and the survivors were investigated as well. The study was guided by radical feminism and nested ecological framework theories. Semi-structured interviews were conducted involving 43 sexually abused children. Narrative responses were audio recorded and transcribed. Content qualitative analysis was used to understand sexual offenses from children’s perspectives. Participants mentioned the following as the most perilous situations; laxity in parental roles, cultural norms, and practices, patriarchal attitudes, child sexual desires and attitudes, family breakdown and alcoholism. The study found many reported cases of CSA in the region. The results imply the exigent need of separate units specifically for reporting and handling child sexual offenses, need for personnel training on gender issues and filing system in child protection agencies and family programs for both fathers and mothers on child protection strategies for prevention and mitigation of CSA.
Children’s experiences of gender based violence in Gasabo District Rwanda

(Makerere University, 2018-10) Tuyisabe, Egidie

The study examined the children’s experience of gender based violence in Gasabo District in Rwanda. Due to inadequate in supporting actions towards gender based violence, the study was therefore guided by the following objectives; to examine the children’s understanding of gender based violence, to assess the types of gender based violence by the children and lastly to compare the gender effects of gender based violence experienced by children in Gasabo District all to address the need to reduce gender based violence among children. Methodology: The research study adopted both qualitative and quantitative analysis of research. Face to face interviews, survey questionnaires, focused group of discussion were used in analysis of the data. The sample size was 93 respondents which comprised of (Akagoroba k`ababyeyi programme), Police Officers, Local Leaders and stake holders. A descriptive statistics was adopted and used through qualitative and quantitative analysis through Statistical Package for Social Scientifics (SPSS) and Microsoft excel. Findings: From the study results show that a rate of 12.5% experience gender based violence. Much as the government set up laws and strategic plan for reducing gender based violence, all is effective in action. The findings reveal that the local community of Gasabo district is aware and some individuals who are ignorant on issues concerning GBV on children’s experience. Therefore, the study indicated a relationship between children’s experiences and gender based violence. Conclusion: children in observation, there are the most vulnerable to gender based violence in Gasabo district; this was due to the fact that they aware that children experience gender based violence during their growth to maturity level. The study noted the inefficiency of the government to enforce the existing laws that control gender-based violence within the families. Recommendation: Government should be involved in the settlement of family wrangles and the prevention of gender based experience among the children as an important aspect of work to reduce exposure to GBV. Children’s experience needs programs intended to provide parents teaching and guidance, government law enforcement and community involvement to the families of children with less care or facilities in an effort to support the growth and development of children who need to be put in place as a road to end the dire situation of the child victims of GBV.
Colonialism and gender relations: a case study of the Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom

(Makerere University, 2023-11) Johanna, Carla Hvalic

Due to a lack of attention to regional and tribal differences, historical gender relations in regions outside of colonial centres of power are hardly researched. Thus, this study examines how colonial rule influenced the construction of African gender relations in the household, specifically in the Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom in Western Uganda. To understand changes in the institutional construction of gender relations, this study researched rules followed and activities done by women and men in the household – in the 1890s and in the period leading up to the 1930s. This allowed a comparison of the construction of gender relations around British colonial conquest in 1894 and in the first three decades of colonial rule. Data was collected through archival research as well as in oral history interviews. The analysis shows that the allocation of responsibilities in the household changed with the introduction of the cash economy and formal education. Men enjoyed easier access to education and were the British’ preferred trading partners. Contrary to the missionaries’ expectations of empowering Ugandan women, the change from traditional belief systems to Christianity robbed women of their positions of power in the household. Christian marriages also led to a decline in polygamous families which resulted in many cases to a loss of independence and an increase in unpaid care work for women. The findings indicate a significant impact of colonial rule on the structure of gender relations within households, where the heightened power of men in society was paralleled by a shift in household dynamics that disadvantaged women. This study contributes to the literature on African gender history by examining how colonisation altered social stratification systems in Bunyoro. However, further research needs to confirm these findings for instance by expanding the analysis to other institutions in Bunyoro or using other research methods as linguistic analyses of folktales.
Community perceptions of GBV interventions implemented by legal aid clinics in Kampala District : the case of Nakawa Division

(Makerere University, 2022) Shemeri, Carolyne Tracy

This case study research was conducted in Nakawa Division- Kampala District, to examine how the community perceived Gender Based Violence (GBV) interventions implemented by Legal Aid Clinics (LACs). The study also sought to determine the impact community perceptions had on the effectiveness and success of LAC interventions. The study participants included ordinary community members, community leaders, GBV prevention and response stakeholders at community level and LAC staff. The study was informed by two feminist theories: the radical feminist theory and the critical race feminist legal theory. The radical feminist theory was of specific relevance because it grounds GBV in patriarchy’s sex/gender system that causes inequality between women and men. LAC GBV interventions sought to address the effects and manifestations of this inequality for example domestic violence, rape, defilement, sexual harassment, property grabbing, et cetera, mainly perpetuated against women and girls. The critical race feminist theory, on the other hand, was relevant because it explained why LACs used the law as a tool to attain justice and equality for GBV survivors. LAC staff used multiple consciousness to tell women’s stories of violence in courts of law from the standpoint of the oppressed with an aim to transform the justice system and at the same time obtain justice for GBV survivors. The study followed a qualitative design with a total of seventy-eight respondents of which sixty-two were women and sixteen were men. The data was collected through twenty-nine Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), ten in depth interviews and 6 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The perception of LAC’s GBV interventions was largely dependent on the community’s knowledge and understanding of the services offered. This knowledge, in addition to the ability of the services to meet the individual survivor’s needs informed the extent of utilisation. According to the study findings, community members who knew and had utilised LAC interventions perceived them as women-friendly avenues that provided hope for GBV survivors to attain justice which would have otherwise been impossible or difficult. However, those who had inadequate knowledge perceived LAC interventions to be biased against men and coercive. On the other hand, stakeholders such as judicial officers and health workers who were knowledgeable about LAC interventions considered them as key to enhancing access to justice for vulnerable women and girls. Both positive and negative perceptions shaped LAC GBV interventions by determining target beneficiaries, how, when, and where to implement. Uptake of LAC services and positive perceptions were enhanced by interventions that addressed the needs of the community and paid attention to the specific needs of women and men. The study revealed that some factors that determined the effectiveness of LAC GBV interventions were not within LAC’s control, these included a functional justice system and funding. To enhance effectiveness, LACs, therefore, needed to embrace the multi-sectoral approach through enhanced collaboration with the justice system, health, and social-economic structures. LACs also needed to strengthen consciousness raising on GBV as a systemic oppression that required attitude and structural change among communities and stakeholders. LACs would also have to deliberately invest in provision of inclusive services for all categories of GBV survivors, irrespective of gender identity, economic status and pay attention to multiple vulnerabilities among women. In addition to community perceptions, these findings provide evidence to inform LAC GBV interventions aimed at enhancing ownership, protection, and safety of GBV survivors at community level.
The construction of exclusion of girls with disabilities in schools: A case study of Naguru Preparatory School

(Makerere University, 2010-10) Nakazibwe, Darlison

This study aimed at examining how exclusion of girls with disabilities is constructed and illustrated in various forms of power differences within selected primary schools in Kampala district. The schools included Hill Preparatory School Naguru and Ntinda School for the deaf. The study questioned the extent to which exclusion of disabled girls is constructed through exercising of power between those with resources (the providers of education) and those who are receiving the services (pupils in the education system). Such argument was researched on through questioning the extent to which the person who is excluded, experiences a relative loss of social rights (like limited access to essential services such as education), as claimed by the Social Exclusion Theory. Such services included school infrastructural resources, curriculum, teaching methods and instructional materials that teachers use. The study further argued that exclusion of disabled girls can be constructed through multiple and overlapping nature of the disadvantages associated with their gender identity. This explanation of the research problem therefore, led the study to focus on the major concept of Exclusion in terms of not being included, being discriminated, having less power compared to those with resources, and being marginalized. The methods used included a variety of qualitative and quantitative techniques in gathering information coupled with observation. The study targeted administrators, teachers, parents and the students in such schools for the disabled children. The findings of the study were based on a sample of fifty five (55) respondents. These included Head teachers (2), teachers (12), Assistant teachers (6), parents (10), Regular girls (10) and girls with disabilities (15 The findings revealed that CWDs comprised hyper-active (cannot concentrate in class), autistic (repeat teachers words all the time), dumb, lame, partially deaf, partially blind, among others. Girls with disability were being treated in the same way as regular except those with severe disabilities who would receive individualized attention, but not excluded from others. Again it was found that most teachers inexperienced in handling CWDs in addition to the inadequate curriculum specifically designed for regular children; timetables and evaluation procedures were not accommodating CWDs’ ability and the schools had limited resources though disability friendly. Further more, study results showed that some pupils were having additional identity of being CWDs which caused them to encounter problems while learning especially girls with disabilities but would prefer the system to special schools education. Again, findings showed that parents had a negative attitude towards CWDs but preferred special needs education teachers in special schools. In addition, findings indicated that exclusion of girls with disabilities could be attributed to discriminatory cultural practices combined with hash economic realities. The study recommended that communities and parents particularly male parents should be sensitized about disheartening cultural beliefs on CWDs so that they develop positive attitude and cater for their educational needs to minimize school drop outs. Again the study recommended that schools offering inclusive education should be aided and well equipped with enough resources like instructional materials suitable for CWDs in classes so that parents are relieved of extra charges which might be hard for some parents to pay especially the poor. The school administration should labour to pass information about the needs and weaknesses or disabilities of some pupils to teachers in time. School curriculum, timetable and evaluation procedures should be designed in such a way that they are CWD-friendly and address special needs of CWDs to avoid their exclusion from the school system. Further recommendations by the study were that teachers should receive training in special needs education to upgrade their knowledge and skills as well as go for refresher courses and workshops periodically in order to be able to handle girls with disabilities in all possible ways. Teachers and parents should work hand in hand to improve social skills and decrease the stress experienced by CWDs.
The contribution of the presidential initiative for skilling a girl child on women’s economic empowerment in Kampala District, Uganda

(Makerere University, 2023) Kiconco, Brenda

Skilling young women can empower them economically and also contribute to gender equality and alleviation of poverty. This study examined the contribution of the Presidential Initiative for Skilling a Girl Child program (PISGC) on the economic empowerment of female beneficiaries in Kampala district. Specifically, the study assessed the effect of PISGC on the welfare (wealth, happiness and fortunes) of female beneficiaries, explored the effect of PISGC on beneficiaries’ occupations and jobs creation, analyzed the effect of PISGC on beneficiaries access, ownership and control of financial resources and assessed the effect of PISGC on beneficiaries agency, or ability to make decisions and act on their own choices. The study employed a cross-sectional design and utilized a mixed methods approach, comprising of a survey of 98 beneficiaries or graduates (using a questionnaire), 3 focused group discussions (FGDs, each with 10 participants), and 13 key informant interviews (KIIs). The study mainly focused on three PISGC study centers in Kibuli, Kikoni and Kigowa, which are located in three divisions in Kampala namely; Makindye, Kawempe and Nakawa. The findings indicate that more than 80% of the respondents had vast knowledge on PISGC and other similar programs that empowers a girl child in Uganda. The factors that inspired respondents to enroll for PISGC were; need to learn practical based skills (17.3%) to help them create own jobs or acquire employment, low formal education which had rendered them jobless and idle for some time due to high competition from other graduates (17%), no money to join other institutions of learning yet PISGC was free of charge (15.2%). Regarding the effect of PISGC on beneficiaries’ welfare, for instance; (1) in terms of health; 38.8% claimed to have been empowered on the benefits of living healthy, and were able to personally fund their medical bills and had the ability to make decisions on which kind of treatments were fit for them. (2) In terms of happiness; most (46%) beneficiaries stated that they were no longer stressed as PISGC program had given them a lifetime skills and experience which had revived their dreams. (3) In terms of general welfare; many (14%) acknowledged that PISGC had paved their way to have productive connections and had been empowered to be independent i.e. in terms of meeting bills like rent, medical and school fees but many had also earned respect from community members who thought that they were failures in life. With regard to beneficiaries’ occupation, it was found out that 37.8% beneficiaries had been empowered with skills that enabled them to create their own business which had also created employment for others while 21% had secured stable employment after training. About 24% had created jobs for others, 1% were earning a living out of training others using the skills they had acquired. While 2% reported to have been promoted after advancing in their skills. Among these, had also been empowered with management and decision making skills, but many had also learned the benefits of creating time for resting on their welfare. Regarding access, ownership and control of resources, the study found out that about 9.2% of the beneficiaries had purchased properties such as plots of land or other properties or had constructed houses and they had control over their own properties. The study also revealed that the program had also enhanced beneficiaries’ ability to make decisions especially using the incomes they get, for instance, many (32%) able to pay their own medical bills, shopping or school fees for someone or using their incomes to procure house-helps to help them with house related chores including child care when they are away doing their professional work. The study revealed that though PISGC has had enormous impact on the welfare of the beneficiaries - more than 80% of them got empowered with the ability to do things they couldn’t do before the training, the program has some shortcomings which included; hardships in accessing respondents who were decentralized across the district, bureaucracy in getting the consents and busy schedules of respondents. The study recommends that PISGC needs to be rolled out across the country, abolish the restrictive age limit of 18-30 year olds in order to accommodate more women and girls, and the government should create job opportunities for PISGC graduates in terms of internships placement in government institutions, setting up factories for them or creating and funding SACCOs for PISGC graduates to enable them to borrow loans at lower interest rates.

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