School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bioengineering (SFTNB) Collections

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    Nutrition-sensitive determinants of anemia among women of childbearing age in Eastern Uganda : a secondary analysis to inform nutrition programming
    (Makerere University, 2024) Kiki, Finagnon Nathalie
    Anemia is associated with poor health status and poor birth outcomes among women of childbearing age. It is estimated to contribute to more than 115,000 maternal deaths and 591,000 prenatal deaths globally per year. Globally, in 2019 it was estimated that 30 percent of women 15–49 years were affected by anemia and in Eastern Uganda, the prevalence was 21 percent. In other areas, nutrition sensitive factors like…. are related to anaemia. However, the relationship between nutrition-sensitive determinants such as household women's dietary diversity, water sanitation hygiene, and anemia is less known. The study explored nutrition-sensitive determinants including; Household food security, Women's Dietary Diversity, and Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) conditions, in relation to anemia among women of reproductive age in Eastern Uganda. Secondary data from the 2019 Uganda National Panel Survey (UNPS) was used. Multistage stratified sampling was used to select 558 women of reproductive age included in the study. Anemia among pregnant women was defined as a hemoglobin value < 11 g/dL and non-pregnant women were < 12 g/ dL. Chi-square was used to assess the association between individual nutrition-sensitive determinants with anemia. The logistic regression model was used to assess the status of anemia, using R. Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) with values below 5 were indicated lack of multicollinearity among independent variables and retained in the logistic regression model. The overall prevalence of anemia among women was 18.3 percent (SD: 38.7 percent). In the pregnant women, the prevalence of anaemia was 24.3 percent (SD: 43.5 percent) and for non-pregnant was 17.8 (SD: 38.3 percent). The results revealed 24.4 percent of women’s households were food secure; 19% had acceptable dietary diversity, 94.3 percent had a source of water for drinking; 22.9 percent sanitation facilities, and only 7.3 percent practiced hand washing. The results show that only the Source of water for drinking: (χ2= 4.9893 p-value = 0.026) was significantly associated with anemia. The results from regression model demonstrated promising performance metrics, including the area under the curve (AUC) (81.2 percent) values. Women's dietary diversity (AOR =0.73; 95CI: 0.56–0.97), hand washing (AOR=0.72; 95CI: 0.14–0.91), pregnancy status (AOR=56.53; 95CI: 20.89–152.95) were associated with increased odds of being anemic while being wealthier reduced risk of anaemia (AOR=0.10; 95CI: 0.02–0.52) among women. The study findings of anaemia among women indicated a mild to moderate public health problem in eastern Uganda, and associated with several nutrition-sensitive determinants like women's dietary diversity, source of water for drinking, and hand washing practice.
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    Assessing potential impact of climate change on irrigation requirement of coffee : a case study of Greater Luwero, Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2025) Bongomin, Samuel Otto
    Coffee irrigation enhances yields and contributes to the fight against poverty especially under Climate Change (CC). In Uganda, the impact of climate change on irrigation requirement of coffee is inadequately understood. This knowledge gap is critical for evidence-based policy development and the design of coffee irrigation systems. This study evaluates the impact of climate change on the irrigation requirement of coffee in the Greater Luwero between 2021 to 2080.The study objectives include; (i) to simulate climate variables for use in CropWat Model, (ii) to compute the irrigation requirement of coffee between 2021-2080 under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, and (iii) to investigate the perception of coffee farmers to climate change. LARS-WG.6 was used to simulate climate between 2021-2080 under climate scenario RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The simulated climate data was integrated into the CropWat.8 water balance model to analyze projected irrigation requirements. Additionally, a survey of 49 farmers was conducted to evaluate the farmers perception to climate change. Findings indicate significant changes in temperature and humidity but no significant change in rainfall and solar radiation for the study period P>0.05. Irrigation requirement under RCP4.5 increases from 668.06×104m3/ha/year to 1013.97×104m3/ha/year in Kiziba, 703.73×104m3/ha/year to 985.87×104m3/ha/year for Katugo and 755.92×104m3/ha/year to 985.5×104m3/ha/year in Wakyato for the years 1991–2080. Under the RCP 8.5 climate scenario, irrigation requirements increase from 673.06×104m3/ha/year to 1049.74×104m3/ha/year in Kiziba,867.61×104m3/ha/year to 1116.54×104m3/ha/year in Katugo and 876.73×104m3/ha/year to 1070.18×104m3/ha/year in Wakyato. Survey results agree with the simulations projecting significant increase in coffee irrigation requirement between 2021-2080 in the region. Existing irrigations systems need to be upgraded to meet future water requirements. The study recommends adoption of drip irrigation over sprinklers to optimize water use efficiency. Additionally, Government should support coffee farmers in irrigation infrastructure development through grants and subsidies. Further research on climate-smart coffee irrigation is recommended in Uganda for improved farmers livelihood.
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    Prediction of consumer acceptable quality of cooking banana hybrids
    (Makerere University, 2024-11) Khakasa, Elizabeth
    Cooking bananas (East African Highland Bananas - EAHBs) also known as “Matooke” play a vital role as a staple food and income source in East Africa, yet consumer acceptability and quality traits remain underexplored. This study aimed to profile the culinary, sensory, and physicochemical and biochemical properties of EAHBs and to develop predictive models linking these traits to consumer preferences. Specifically, the objectives were to: (1) profile the culinary properties of EAHBs, (2) determine sensory attributes and consumer acceptability traits, (3) evaluate instrumental, physicochemical, and biochemical properties relevant to cooking bananas, and (4) develop predictive models for quality based on the instrumental, physicochemical, biochemical and sensory attributes. Culinary analysis revealed significant variability among EAHB varieties in terms of perception. The most important attributes for both preference and acceptance of new hybrids were deep yellow colour of the cooked Matooke, soft texture, smooth mouthfeel, “Matooke aroma”, and non-astringent taste. Quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) revealed that firmness of the Matooke in the mouth was well predicted by hardness when touched (R2=0.85). QDA’s ability to discriminate among the banana hybrids revealed that it may be used as a tool during the assessment and selection of new cooking banana hybrids to identify relevant sensory attributes. Agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis (AHC) ranked the matooke samples into two sensory clusters. Cluster 1 which consisted of mainly hybrids with the exception of three landraces (Kabucuragye, Nakawere, and Nfuuka) was characterized by hardness, firmness in the mouth, non-yellow colour, non- homogenous colour, no Matooke aroma and low intensity of sweetness. Except six hybrids (NARITA 18, NARITA 4, NARITA 17, NARITA14, NARITA 7r1, NARITA 7r2), cluster 2 was mainly landraces characterized by a yellow homogenous colour, good Matooke aroma, sweetness, and high moldability. The study showed attribute terms that could be used to describe Matooke, and also revealed that QDA may be used as a tool during the assessment and selection of new cooking banana hybrids to identify relevant sensory attributes because of its ability to discriminate among the banana hybrids.
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    Biopreservation of brycinus nurse fish (Onangananga) using beeswax and thyme essential oil with complementary packaging
    (Makerere University, 2024-12) Mannakhe, Moreen Dianah
    Bio-coatings maintain food quality by minimizing exchange of oxygen, light and moisture across the food matrix, hence inhibiting microbial proliferation. Including essential oils in the bio-coatings enhances flavor, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties thereby extending shelf life. This study aimed to evaluate the preservation effectiveness of beeswax and thyme essential oil coatings on sun-dried Brycinus nurse fish (Onangnanga) obtained from Panyimur market, Pakwach district, Uganda. Sun-dried B.nurse samples were stored under ambient conditions in open (box), vacuum, and container packaging for six weeks. Analyses were conducted weekly to assess microbial quality (Salmonella, Pseudomonas, E. coli, Staphylococcus, and total plate counts (TPC)) and, biochemical properties (pH, moisture content, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), and Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)). Sun-dried B.nurse exhibited low microbial quality with TPC of 7 log CFU/g, detectable levels of Salmonella spp, E.coli spp. ranged from 3.56 to 3.74 log CFU/g and Staphylococcus spp from 1.11 to 6.9 log CFU/g. Moisture content significantly (p < 0.05) increased from 15.06% during storage as follows: Container packaging to 28.81%, vacuum package to 16.26%, beeswax coating to 26.1% and thyme with beeswax coating to 21.80%. TVBN levels significantly increased (p< 0.05) from 24.12 mgN/100g to 35.61 mgN/100g, with the different treatments as follows: container packaging (34.39 mgN/100g), vacuum packaging (35.61 mgN/100g) beeswax coating (32.08 mgN/100g) and thyme with beeswax coating (30.83 mgN/100g). TBARS values increased significantly (p<0.05) from 4.03 mgMDA/kg to 18.25 mgMDA/kg, with container packaging (11.81 mgMDA/kg), vacuum packaging (15.14 mgMDA/kg), beeswax coating (12.46 mgMDA/kg) and thyme with beeswax coating (9.92 mgMDA/kg). The pH values remained stable regardless. Both packaging types and coatings significantly (p<0.05) influenced the quality of sun-dried B. nurse. This study showed that beeswax and thyme essential oil coatings combined with suitable packaging preserved the quality of sun-dried Brycinus nurse , hence effectively extending its shelf life by 21 days.
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    A comparative study of nutritional status, complementary foods and feeding practices for children 6 - 23 months old in landslides prone Bududa District
    (Makerere University, 2024) Nateme, Catherine Nancy
    Background: Bududa district located in Eastern Uganda experiences frequent landslides and floods resulting into food insecurity which predisposes children 6-23months to undernutrition. This study aimed at assessing the nutritional status of children, feeding practices and quality of complementary foods fed to children in Bukalasi sub-county (affected by landslides) and Bubiita (control) in 2019/2020 Methodology: A comparative cross-sectional survey was conducted. Through 5-stage sampling technique 191 households with children, aged 6-23 months were selected. Using a structured questionnaire, parents/care-givers identified four commonly used complementary foods (CFs). Child nutritional status was categorized according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Four focus group discussions (FGD) with mothers, explored commonly used complementary foods, methods of preparation and optimization of foods for analysis. A chi-square tested the association between child nutritional status and categorical variables of gender, age, Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD) and the socio-economic factors of the household. A means comparison was done by ANOVA for Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) with the socio-economic factors and age of children with the amount of nutrients taken. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Pearson‘s Bivariate correlation was done to establish the relationship between different variables (child’s age group, feeding frequency, dietary diversity and nutrients intake). Qualitative data was transcribed, coded and categorised into themes and facts so as to establish a sequence of patterns and associations related to the phenomenon being investigated. Results: Child undernutrition in the study area was higher than at national level with a very high prevalence of stunting (40.5%), very high prevalence of underweight (20.7%) and medium prevalence of wasting (8.1%). More children in Bukalasi were significantly underweight than Bubiita (p<0.05). Main source of food was associated with underweight in both the affected and control Sub-counties (p<0.05). Unlike children 6-8months, majority of children aged 9-23months met their food diversity score (p<0.05). Source of income and main source of food were associated with children not meeting their Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD) (p=0.008 and p=0.003 respectively). The study area had unsafe water with risk levels of e-colis among other microorganisms which were too numerous to count (TNTC), Maize flours from both sub-counties were heavily contaminated with Aflatoxins with levels above the national and EU regulatory limits (10ppb) and (5 ppb) respectively. Conclusion and recommendation: Childhood undernutrition was observed among children from both sub-counties. Notably, the prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight was higher among children in the disaster affected Bukalasi sub-county and more prevalent in males. Complementary foods provided to the children were deficient of micronutrients especially iron and contaminated with aflatoxins especially in groundnuts and aflatoxins. The water that was used for preparing complementary food for the children was also contaminated with E. coli. Therefore, the government and other stakeholders should design specific interventions to not only combat malnutrition among children but also guide and support caregivers in the selection of safe food items and their formulation for complementary dishes.