An analysis of the Apaa land conflict in Amuru District

Abstract

The Apaa Land Conflict in Uganda, ongoing since the 1960s, remains unresolved despite numerous government interventions. These efforts include land demarcation, forced evictions, mediation, deployment of security forces, and legal reforms. The situation has been further complicated by the presence of internally displaced persons (IDPs) who have settled in the East Madi Wildlife Reserve, escalating tensions between the local communities, the UWA, and the displaced populations. The conflict continues to challenge peacebuilding, community cohesion, and sustainable development. This study examines the conflict's future prospects and opportunities for sustainable peace and development, focusing on key stakeholders, historical and socio-economic factors, current state, potential solutions, and policy recommendations. An investigation of the underlying causes and dynamics of the Apaa Land Conflict was done using a qualitative research methodology. Data were accurately collected through in-depth interviews, focus groups, and participant observations. NVivo Plus software was used for data analysis to ensure a thorough examination of the qualitative data. The analysis revealed that the conflict's root causes are multifaceted and consistent, encompassing historical grievances, instances of land grabbing, and ambiguities surrounding land ownership and boundary demarcations. The Apaa Land Conflict involves various stakeholders, including government authorities, local communities (Acholi and Madi ethnic groups), and NGOs, with NGOs playing a key mediating role. Historical factors like colonial-era demarcations and post-colonial policy changes, along with socio-economic pressures such as land scarcity and economic competition, contribute to the conflict. Potential solutions include inclusive dialogue, traditional conflict resolution mechanisms, and neutral third-party involvement. Resolving the conflict could lead to sustainable development, agricultural growth, improved food security, economic transformation, and social development, including the return of displaced families and investment in infrastructure, education, and healthcare. The findings indicate that while the conflict has led to significant challenges, there are also opportunities for resolution. The Ugandan government has taken steps to address the issue, including the formation of a committee tasked with investigating the conflict and proposing solutions. Additionally, ongoing dialogue and negotiations are being facilitated among the involved stakeholders—local communities, the UWA, and government representatives—aiming to reach a mutually acceptable resolution.