Leadership challenges in implementing smart city initiatives. Acase study of Kampala capital city authority

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate leadership challenges in implementing smart city initiatives, with specific focus on the Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA). The objectives of the study were to examine the leadership effectiveness within KCCA in the implementation of smart city initiatives, to establish the extent to which leadership challenges within KCCA have affected the implementation of smart city initiatives, to analyze the causes of leadership-related challenges hindering the effective implementation of smart city initiatives in Kampala, and to suggest solutions for addressing these challenges. The study targeted both political and technical leaders including the Lord Mayor (Chairperson of the Authority), Deputy Lord Mayor, Division Mayors, Deputy Division Mayors, Speakers, Deputy Speakers, and technical officers from various departments such as Town Clerks, Executive Director’s Office (PA, PCA), Administration and HRM, Physical Planning, Treasury Services, Engineering and Technical Services, Public Health Services and Environment, Education and Social Services, Revenue Collection, Internal Audit, and Procurement and Disposal. A sample size of 210 officers was used, and simple random sampling was applied to select participants. The study found that leadership effectiveness within KCCA was evident in areas such as digital transformation, traffic management, and infrastructure development, where smart systems enhanced efficiency, transparency, and service delivery. However, weaknesses persisted in political leadership and community engagement, which limited inclusiveness and sustained citizen participation. Regarding the extent of leadership challenges, the findings revealed that weak coordination with the central government, political interference, limited resources, and poor internet connectivity were the most significant barriers. To address these challenges, the study suggested strengthening governance frameworks, promoting transparency and accountability and enhancing cross-sector collaboration to achieve successful Smart City implementation in Kampala. The study recommends that KCCA strengthen governance frameworks, build leadership capacity, enhance citizen engagement, improve infrastructure and technology readiness, foster public-private partnerships, and align projects with Uganda’s Vision 2040 to address Smart City implementation challenges. The study concludes that KCCA leadership is generally effective in digital transformation, urban planning, and service delivery, but political interference, resource constraints, limited digital literacy, and coordination gaps hinder progress. Further research should examine long-term impacts, emerging technologies, comparative urban leadership, and citizen participation strategies. Subject keywords; Leadership challenges, Smart city initiatives, Kampala capital city authority