An investigation into firearm (GUN) violence within the Uganda police force: a case study of Kampala Metropolitan Area

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the firearm-related violence within the Uganda Police Force, focusing on its causes, internal control mechanisms, and preventive measures. The objectives of the study were: (i) to assess the adequacy of firearm training among Uganda Police officers, (ii) to examine the influence of stress, discipline, and psychological well-being on firearm use, and (iii) to evaluate the effectiveness of internal support systems such as mental health services and accountability mechanisms in preventing firearm-related violence. The study employed a descriptive and cross-sectional research design, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative methods. Data were collected from police officers across selected divisions using questionnaires and key-informant interviews, and analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The findings revealed that while most officers had received basic firearm training, there were gaps in refresher training, emotional regulation, and decision-making under pressure. The study further found that stress, poor mental health support, and inconsistent disciplinary enforcement significantly contributed to incidents of firearm misuse. Although internal accountability structures such as the Professional Standards Unit exist, their effectiveness in ensuring fairness and impartiality was perceived as moderate. Many officers expressed that enhanced counselling services, continuous mental health programs, and strong supervision would help curb firearm-related incidents. The study concludes that firearm-related violence in the Uganda Police Force arises from a combination of inadequate psychological support, limited refresher training, and weak internal accountability mechanisms. It recommends the institutionalization of comprehensive mental health and counselling services, regular stress-management and firearm safety training, and the strengthening of disciplinary and accountability systems to ensure responsible firearm use. By addressing these factors, the Uganda Police Force can reduce firearm-related violence and improve officer welfare, discipline, and operational effectiveness.