Antiobiotic use in the livestock sector in Wakiso District, Uganda

Abstract

Antibiotics are widely used in livestock production for disease treatment, prevention, and growth promotion. However, inappropriate use contributes to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a global public health threat. This study assessed the patterns, practices, and drivers of antibiotic use in the animal sector in Wakiso District, Uganda a region characterized by intensive livestock activity and proximity to major veterinary drug supply chains. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 286 livestock farmers and 22 Animal Health Practitioners in Wakiso Subcounty and Wakiso Town Council for over 3months. Stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used to ensure representation across livestock types and professional roles. Data were collected using a structured, pre-tested questionnaire via the Kobo Collect platform. Descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and multiple correspondence analysis were employed to analyze antibiotic use behaviors and their associated drivers. Findings revealed that only 34.3% of farmers consistently observed antibiotic withdrawal periods, while 35.1% never did so. Antibiotic sharing across animals was reported by 25.3% of respondents. The most common administration routes were injection (63.7%) and oral (32.6%). Over 58% of farmers accessed antibiotics without prescriptions, often from unregulated sources. Although 72.7% of veterinarians held bachelor's degrees, only 18.2% were government-employed, underscoring the dominance of private sector involvement. Regression analysis indicated that farmers who received prescriptions from veterinarians had significantly reduced odds of frequent antibiotic use (aOR = 0.04, p = 0.030), while partial AMR awareness was associated with increased misuse (aOR = 10.22, p = 0.046). Economic drivers, weak regulatory enforcement, and limited diagnostic access emerged as key factors influencing inappropriate antibiotic use. Antibiotic use in Wakiso’s animal sector is widespread but poorly regulated, with high levels of self-medication, low AMR awareness, and limited adherence to withdrawal guidelines. These practices heighten the risk of AMR development and antibiotic residues in the food chain. Strengthening regulatory enforcement, enhancing AMR education, improving access to veterinary diagnostics, and promoting stewardship practices are urgently needed to mitigate these risks.There is also need for further studies designed as one health so that other sectors are involved like the medical and environment sector.