Analysing the adequacy of Uganda’s legal and policy framework for artificial intelligence governance

Abstract

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies presents unprecedented opportunities and challenges for developing nations. This dissertation examines Uganda's existing legal and policy framework for AI governance, providing recommendations for a comprehensive framework that promotes responsible AI practices. Using doctrinal research methodology, this study analyses the international AI governance landscape, assesses Uganda's existing regulatory framework, and undertakes comparative analysis of AI governance approaches in South Africa, the European Union, China, and the United States. The research draws insights from international principles established by organisations such as the United Nations, OECD, and UNESCO. The findings reveal that while international AI governance demonstrates growing consensus on ethical AI development, it remains fragmented without binding agreements. Uganda's current legal framework, including the Data Protection and Privacy Act, Cap 97, provides foundational elements but was not designed for AI-specific complexities. Significant gaps exist in algorithmic transparency, AI security measures, automated decision-making oversight, and ethical guidelines. The comparative analysis demonstrates diverse regulatory approaches, from the EU's risk-based regulation to the US's sector-specific approach and China's state-directed model. These highlight the importance of context-specific governance, balancing innovation with adequate safeguards. The study proposes comprehensive recommendations spanning five areas. Legal recommendations include updating existing legislation and enacting AI-specific laws with clear guidelines for development. Policy recommendations centre on developing a national AI strategy and sector-specific policies for healthcare, education, and finance. Ethical recommendations emphasise establishing a national AI ethics framework and Advisory

Board. Capacity building focuses on developing local expertise and public awareness. International cooperation stresses participation in global AI governance initiatives and regional cooperation. The proposed framework has significant stakeholder implications, requiring government agencies to develop new expertise, presenting compliance challenges and innovation opportunities for the private sector, and necessitating enhanced public AI literacy. Further research areas include economic impact assessments, societal implications studies, and technical research tailored to Uganda's needs. This research contributes to AI governance literature in developing countries and provides a roadmap for Uganda to harness AI's transformative potential while protecting citizens' rights. The findings demonstrate that proactive AI governance is essential for Uganda to lead responsible AI innovation in Africa and ensure AI contributes to sustainable socio-economic development. The study concludes that Uganda stands at a critical technological juncture, with an opportunity to create a comprehensive AI governance framework serving as a model for other developing nations. By implementing these recommendations, Uganda can foster AI innovation within appropriate ethical and regulatory boundaries, contributing to national development and citizen well-being.