Assessing the opportunities and challenges of adopting urban and peri-urban agriculture into cities (case study of Kampala City)

Abstract

This study assessed the opportunities and challenges of adopting urban and peri-urban agriculture in Kampala City. The study was guided by objectives that included assessing the spatial changes in agricultural land use in Kampala City, the opportunities of adopting urban and peri-urban agriculture in Kampala City, and the challenges encountered in this adoption. The study employed a cross-sectional survey research design and incorporated both quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The study targeted a sample size of 80 respondents, with 75 responding: 70 were urban/peri-urban farmers, and 5 were KCCA officials. Data from the field were collected using questionnaires and interviews. The findings revealed spatial changes in agricultural land use in Kampala City, evidenced by thematic land use maps spanning from 2002 to 2021. These maps highlighted a concerning trend of diminishing open spaces and an increase in built-up areas. The reduction in available land for agricultural purposes, from nearly 40% in 2002 to less than 10% in 2021, underscores the significant challenges facing urban and peri-urban agriculture in Kampala. The key opportunities identified for urban agriculture included bolstering food security, generating employment, increasing income, and promoting environmental sustainability. However, the study also highlighted several challenges, such as limited land space, unclear land tenure systems, and mindset and attitude barriers. Additional obstacles included the perception of high expenses, lack of skilled labor, and inadequate policy support. The study recommended exploring zoning policies that prioritize agricultural activities in urban development plans, incentivizing the conversion of underutilized spaces into productive agricultural land, and promoting vertical farming techniques to maximize land use efficiency in densely populated areas. There is a critical need for research examining the development and implementation of robust policies to support the adoption of urban and peri-urban agriculture in Kampala City. Robust enforcement mechanisms are urgently needed to ensure compliance with regulations governing urban and peri-urban agriculture. Lastly, the Ministry of Lands should strive to clarify and formalize land tenure systems, providing tenure security to urban farmers and incentivizing long-term investments in agricultural activities.