Prevalence, social economic factors and effects of shisha smoking among female university students in Makerere University

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, socio-economic factors, and perceived effects of shisha smoking among female students at Makerere University. The objectives were to determine the prevalence of shisha smoking, identify socio-economic factors influencing its use, and explore students' perceptions of its effects. The study was guided by theory of Planned Behavior intended to explain all behaviors over which people have the ability to exert selfcontrol. The study used Questionnaire and Interviews as data collection methods. The study findings were in line with the objectives of the study. A cross-sectional survey design was employed, using both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. Questionnaires and interview guides were used to gather data, with simple random and purposive sampling techniques applied to select a sample of 200 respondents. The study found that shisha smoking was more prevalent among female students living away from home, with socio-economic factors playing a significant role. Findings revealed that 32% of the female students surveyed had smoked shisha at least once, while 18% were current users. Shisha smoking was more prevalent among students living away from home (64%) compared to those residing with family or in university hostels (21%). Socio-economic factors were significantly associated with use, as 52% of smokers came from higher-income families and reported using shisha as a symbol of social status or leisure, while 27% from lower-income backgrounds engaged in the practice primarily for socialization or peer bonding. Peer influence was identified as a key factor, with 68% of users citing friends as the main source of introduction to shisha. Perception data showed that 73% of respondents believed shisha to be less harmful than cigarettes, and 56% reported using it for stress relief or relaxation. Interviews further revealed low awareness of the health risks associated with shisha smoking. The study found out that Shisha smoking among female university students at Makerere University can be attributed to a combination of social, psychological, and environmental factors. Many students engage in shisha smoking as a form of socialization and relaxation, often viewing it as a trendy or fashionable activity that enhances social bonding in groups. Peer influence plays a significant role, as students are likely to experiment with shisha when encouraged by friends or when it is normalized within their social circles. Additionally, misconceptions that shisha is less harmful than cigarettes contribute to its popularity, alongside the appealing flavors and aroma that mask its health risks. Stress related to academic pressure and personal challenges may also drive some students to use shisha as a coping mechanism or means of escapism. Peer influence also played a significant role, as many students smoked shisha to fit in or impress others. The study concluded that many female students perceive shisha smoking as less harmful than cigarette smoking due to a lack of awareness about its health risks. The researcher recommends the implementation of targeted health education and awareness campaigns at Makerere University to educate female students about the dangers of shisha smoking. The university should also enforce policies limiting smoking areas on campus, ensuring they are located away from student activity zones to reduce exposure.

Keywords: Smoking in females