Understanding and practice of early childhood stimulation among parents within informal settlements in Kampala City

Abstract

The study examined early childhood stimulation among parents within informal settlements in Kampala City. Specifically, this study assessed parents’ knowledge about early childhood stimulation; it assessed parents’ participation in early childhood stimulation and established early childhood stimulation facilities that are available and access to the facilities. The study adopted a cross-sectional and case studyresearch design supported by a qualitative research approach throughout the research process. The study employed purposive sampling and snowball sampling techniques where participants (mothers and fathers) were selected. The data collection methods included in-depth interviews, direct observations and focused group discussions. Data which was collected from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions was thematically analyzed using the identification and exploration of themes and sub-themes within the narratives provided by participants and the discussion content and interactions between participants. Data from focus group discussions (FGDs) was thematically analyzed, where themes and sub-themes were developed based on the discussion content and interactions between participants. Data collected from observation was analyzed by capturing physical aspects of the informal settlements mainly focusing on the home environment, school environment and the playing tools. Results under objective one revealed that parents recognize the importance of early childhood stimulation and view child development as a collaborative effort involving mothers, fathers and extended family members. Under objective two, it was revealed that parents use simple, practical methods to engage children in various developmental stages, such as stimulating visual skills, seating, crawling and talking, often relying on affordable resources like toys and traditional techniques. The results for objective 3 revealed that there are significant challenges faced by parents and children in accessing early childhood stimulation (ECS) facilities. Despite awareness of the importance of stimulation facilities, financial constraints prevent several parents from affording them for their children.Based on the key findings, Parents should actively seek knowledge on early childhood stimulation through schools, community workshops and digital platforms. Parents should consistently engage in structured stimulation activities such as reading, guided play and interactive learning.