Gender inclusive participation and the implementation of parish development model programme in Gulu City

Abstract

Effective community participation is central to the success of development programmes, yet gender disparities and structural barriers often limit its impact. This study examines how gender-inclusive participation shapes the implementation of the Parish Development Model (PDM) in Gulu City, Uganda, drawing on Kabeer’s (1999) empowerment framework, with insights from Sen’s capability approach and Arnstein’s ladder of participation. The PDM aims to foster socio-economic development through community-driven initiatives, but uneven engagement has constrained its effectiveness. Using a qualitative design, data were collected from 64 participants, including 46 community members, 8 community leaders, and 10 government officials, through interviews and focus group discussions. Findings reveal that early implementation relied on a top-down approach, with weak communication, delayed fund disbursement, elite capture, and limited ownership. Participation varied by gender, age, disability, and geographic location. While quotas for women, youth, and persons with disabilities (PWDs) existed, they did not guarantee meaningful engagement. Women-led groups in poultry and vegetable projects demonstrated higher agency, confidence, and economic outcomes when supported by mentorship, peer networks, and co-creation processes. Men dominated resource-intensive and technical ventures, reflecting enduring gendered labor divisions. Youth and PWDs benefitted most from structured capacity-building, technical support, and market linkages. The study recommends gender-sensitive training for officials, practical integration of gender analysis in PDM planning, strengthened local capacity, mentorship and peer support for marginalized groups, and engagement with cultural and religious leaders to challenge restrictive norms. Future research should explore division-specific strategies, adaptive program implementation, and long-term empowerment outcomes to guide more equitable and sustainable community development initiatives.