One-year survival and prognosticators of adults with acute leukemia at the Uganda Cancer Institute

Abstract

Purpose: Acute leukemias are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly in the adult population. Despite an increasing burden of acute leukemia in developing countries, there are limited data on clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in this setting. In this study, we aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, survival, and prognostic factors of adults with acute leukemia at the Uganda Cancer Institute (UCI).

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted between January 2009 and December 2018, reviewing data of patients 18 years or older with a cytopathologic diagnosis of acute leukemia at UCI. Data were extracted on clinical and laboratory characteristics, response to treatment, and survival. Cox-proportional hazards regression and survival analysis were performed to determine survival rates and associated factors. P < .05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: In total, 233 participants were enrolled. Most (59.2%. n = 138) participants were male, with a median age of 32 years (IQR, 23-48 years), and 136 (58.4%) had AML. Overall, the 1-year survival was 16.5%, with a median survival time of 47 (IQR, 21-219) days. Predictors of mortality were being a female (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.8; 95% CI, 1.2 to 6.7; P = .022) and overweight (aHR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.3 to 13.4; P = .015). Among the patients who had AML, the predictors were poor Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG; aHR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.6 to 6.2; P = .001) and HIV (aHR, 6.0; 95% CI, 1.7 to 20.5; P = .004). Among the patients who had ALL, the predictors were poor ECOG (aHR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.3 to 4.1; P = .006).

Conclusion: Patients with acute leukemia in Uganda have poor overall survival. Prospective studies are recommended to better understand causes of early mortality.